More animals in the endangered list

great Indian bustard | Features, IUCN Status, & Facts | Britannica
Less than 300 Great Indian Bustard are left in the world

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is a global organization that keeps tabs of endangered species, and classifying them in categories like ‘near threatened’, ‘endangered’ ‘extinct’ and so on based on the threat level of their extinction . Their study reveals that the number of flora and fauna species in the endangered category has increased in the past two decades. More than 23,000 plant and animal species are facing extinction, including corals, birds, mammals and amphibians.

In the latest list submitted to IUCN by India more than 683 species are now in the endangered list as compared to 413 species which were found to be endangered in 2009.

Rapid economic growth, industrialization, development project clearances have threatened the natural habitat of other species of fauna. More than 10 states in India got clearance for 15 projects which would divert land reserved for wildlife sanctuaries and national parks for development or commercial activities. This rapid increase in the number of endangered species indicates severe stress on biodiversity and wild habitats.

Illegal poaching of animals for rarity items, leisure have severely threatened many species and some of them are even in the extinction list. Illegal poaching in Sariskaand Panna tiger reserves in the states of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have led to their vanishing from their sanctuaries. The same has happened to Buxa tiger reserve in West Bengal. Almost 222 lions died in 2018-2019, in the Gir forest reserve in Gujarat.

In the oceans and the seas, the threat to the coral reefs from blast fishing, poisoning and overfishing is also very real. 60% or more coral reefs are under severe risk because of destructive fishing practices. The growing trawling and industrial fishing is wiping out sea turtles and many other endangered species. Sharks, swordfish, marlin, grouper, croaker and other top predator species have also experienced significant population declines.

Indian farmers – backbone of economy

Comprising 61.5% of the total population in the country, the Farmers today are, but the least creditable chunk of our economy. Despite providing us with a substantial amount of produce, they are being neglected on many grounds; be it machinery, techniques, money, or knowledge, they have to bear the burden of being backward and incompatible. Although farming is such a primitive and productive jobs to opt for, most of the people face similar kind of problems regarding farming and activities related to it. But the disaster of farmers committing suicides has become a great phenomenon recently; what could be a decisive reason? Why its been so drastic in recent times?

Farmers and the legacy-

Agriculture or so to say, farming has been opted by a large number of people since it was introduced or, invented. The history of agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization and even before that. It became one of the substantial activities that could sustain a huge amount of people. The upsurge in the activity as this resulted in the discovery of new techniques, machienaries, and even the crops which gave a boost to their own consumption, as well as the trade and commercial regulatories.

The colonialization, in the 18th century, was the period that saw a dramatic increase in the number of farmers in the country, under the force of the East India Company, that turned out a large amount of people engaged in other sectors to too seek for the agricultural work. Leaving almost 65% of India contributing to farming, the country came up with its own revolutionary ideas and schemes, such as the Green Revolution, which turned out to be a fancy for the country. But the irony is, still the farmers have stuck with the old and bygone techniques of agriculture that doesn’t provide any kind of fruitfulness to them. And contribute only a less figure to the economy.

Agriculture and differences –

With the Green Revolution adding more to the production of crops in the 19th century, there were still many differences in India itself, in terms of production and output.

While it states such as, Punjab, UP, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Kerala saw an upsurge in the agricultural pattern. With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer, India’s total food grain production soared. Such rapid growth in farm productivity anabled India to become self-sufficient by 1970s. It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare. On the other hand, areas with shortage of water and nutritious soil were left behind and it took many years to bring them up to the mark of other states with high production.

Due to such huge diversity between the states producing crops,India accounts only, on average, for about 16% of GDP and 10% of export earnings.

Problems and initiatives –

low agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of India’s people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India’s yield for many agricultural commodities is low. Poorly maintained irrigation system and almost universal lack of good extension services are among factors responsible. Farmers’ access to markets is hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure and excessive regulation.
– World Bank

  • Climate change
  • Marketing
  • Infrastructure
  • Farmers suicides
  • Productivity

The above listed points are some of the good reasons why the agricultural sector faces huge loss and is unfortunately unable to develop as per the will.

The government has done a great deed in the past for the improved condition of farmers and farming, andis alsos currently practicing so. It has launched many a such schemes to benefit the farmer and improvise their method of farming.

As per a saying in hindi –

Jai Javan Jai Kisan, ye dono h desh ki shaan

If the “Shaan” if the country is always under immense pressure and is supplied with voulantry salary, the sustainability of millions of people in the country would be largely affected, and it would not be able to enlarge its economy and only would be counted in the developing one.

Entrepreneurship

What is Entrepreneurship?


Entrepreneurship is an activity which is done by a person to bring out the social change in the world, by innovative technologies, services, products, etc.

In a more formal definition, Entrepreneurship is the activity of setting up a business or businesses, taking on financial risk in the hope of profit.

Hence, entrepreneurship is an act by which a person became independent and lives a life on his/her terms and conditions. Entrepreneurship is about being your boss.

Who is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who brings about changes for the betterment of society.

An entrepreneur is someone who sees the world from a different angle. An entrepreneur is a risk-bearer, organizer, and innovator.

Entrepreneur as a risk-bearer–

As a risk-bearer, an entrepreneur is the one who buys certain factors of production changes them into a product and sells them at uncertain prices in the future. There is uncertainty about the prices, which is not an ordinary risk that can be insured therefore the entrepreneur is a risk-bearer.

Entrepreneur as an organizer-

As an organizer entrepreneur combines the labor, land, capital other resources to make a product. After selling this product in the market and subtracting all the receipts which remained is the profit.

Entrepreneur as an innovator–

As an innovator entrepreneur is the one who introduces a product, a service or a technology in the existing one to improve the lives of the people.

Example of Entrepreneurs–


Every entrepreneur has a different vision to see the world to find out the best opportunity for them as well as for the improvement of society.

Many successful entrepreneurs influence the world in different ways because as every individual is different, every entrepreneur is different.

Steve Jobs will always be the most famous and successful entrepreneur in the world. He formed an apple computer company. Jobs’ inventions have been a boon in technology. He passed away with a net worth of over $8.3 billion.

Oprah Winfrey is one of the most successful lady entrepreneurs in the world. She is the richest African-American woman. Despite having a past full of thorns she never gave up in life. Now she owns a cable network company named OWN meaning Oprah Winfrey Network. She acquired the name “queen of all media”. She is the only multi-billionaire in American history possessing a net worth of 2.9 dollars.

Elon Musk, who doesn’t know about him. He is one of the most influential South African born American. He launched his first company Zip2 Corporation, in 1995 with his brother, Kimbal Musk and X.com in 1999 which later became PayPal.
In 2002, he founded SpaceX which is a huge success.

These are some of the examples of the most influential entrepreneurs, who are trying to bring a revolution into the world.

Traits of the entrepreneurship–

• Creative thinking– creativity is an important characteristic of an entrepreneur. A creative mind thinks about new ideas. Instead of blaming the situation, they find a solution to a particular problem. They have amazing imagination power. They think that every product, service has a scope of improvement.

• Embrace changes– successful entrepreneurs are very flexible about the changes. They are always ready for the changes and take the advantages out of the situations.

• Hard work vs smart work– Entrepreneurs know when to work hard and when to work smart. They know that neither of the two can substitute each other.

• Use money wisely– Money management skills of the entrepreneurs should be very good. They should know where, when, how much to invest.

• Vision – successful entrepreneurs know everything about their business- why the organization exists, how a product or a service will bring a difference to the existing one, in which market is to be launched.

• Maintain the consistency– successful entrepreneurs are always consistent with their work. They know that success can’t be achieved overnight. They should not give up on the tough situations.
There is a famous saying by an entrepreneur –
“Tough times never last, but tough people do.”- Robert H. Schuller.

“Time Crystals – New Form Of Matter”

Space theories and phenomena have challenged human’s understanding about it every time with new observations and experiments. We have been trying to understand different kinds of constituents present around us irrespective of their presence on our surface or outside our planet. New findings with the increasing research and ideas have led to solving a number of theories which earlier were just meant to be theoretical until practically proved. Just long as our knowledge about space is increasing through our frequent visits to space, it is increasing our complexities with new discoveries . One of these experiments which was earlier believed to be just a theory with little physical significance was the discovery of “Time Crystals”. The idea of the time crystal came a few years ago in 2012 came by the scientists, discovering a new state of matter which truly exists. The interesting fact about these particles is their properties which differentiated in their atomic structure repeats themselves in space and time. 

But the initial question is “What are these time crystals?” To understand this we would start by understanding actually these crystals are. Crystals are solid particles having constituents like atoms, molecules and other charged molecules are present in well defined order, which thus forms chain and forms the base for the next later. The layering up of these small molecules continues and thus follow up a specified pattern which reflects back the light and we do see it. These patterns of molecules follow a specified pattern in space and do not get affected by time. This means that if we see a normal crystal particle, it would remain the same as it is for years, until we or any other forces destroy it. Time crystals have some different properties. This means that the particles do follow the same pattern in space but also follow up with time and that these particles do not have fixed shape and size. These are most commonly known as now equilibrium matter because of their inability to come to rest once they come in motion. 

The basic difference between a normal crystal or any other matter particle and time crystal can be understood with an example. Consider crystal particles to be big enough to see, so if we apply force on one particle of the crystals, it would get transferred to the next particle and so on in the pattern they are arranged, until it get finally absorbed, since energy is lost in this process in transferring from one molecule or particle to other. But time crystal or non equilibrium matter are attached in repeated pattern. These present quantum entangled patterns, and as soon as energy reaches the entangled atom,, the next pair gets information before it’s gonna be transferred to , which means it starts moving before the energy reaches it, thus leading to cause motion in all the atoms or particles. This could be considered as an infinite motion or movement since no energy is getting lost.l and are not able to achieve equilibrium. It could be related to a perpetual motion machine which could work without an energy source forever, but which is impossible. So there were various doubts in this theory and thus it was just considered to be theoretically only. 

“But it has been found that time crystals do exist through different experiments done by scientists. And could be beneficial for future use.Right and better use of time crystals haven’t been found yet, but it’s sure that these particles are surely changing our research and opening new phases to space research and understanding about universe”. 

 

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings

“I know why the caged bird sings” or “Caged Bird” is a poem about social disparity and injustice. Maya Angelou uses the metaphor of birds to represent her contemporary society wherein discrimination was widely prevalent. The African-American community was marginalised by the White Americans. She juxtaposes between the bird in captivity and the free bird soaring and claiming the sky. The free bird is free to do whatever it wants and soars in the free sky while the caged bird can only imagine doing so.

A free bird leaps
on the back of the wind  
and floats downstream  
till the current ends
and dips his wing
in the orange sun rays
and dares to claim the sky.

The free bird soars the sky with the wind on its back to help it along and floats downstream till the current ends. This shows that it can traverse any amount of distance without any restriction. It is free to dip his sings in the orange rays of the sun and claim that the sky is his own.

But a bird that stalks
down his narrow cage
can seldom see through
his bars of rage
his wings are clipped and  
his feet are tied
so he opens his throat to sing.

In contrast, the caged bird lies helpless, ignored and desperate. He stalks down his narrow cage which suggests that in contrast to the bountiful endless sky, the caged bird is suffocating for lack of space. The clear disparity and duality of freedom are explicit in the first two stanzas. The caged bird can hardly and seldom see through the bars of his cage. There isn’t much to see when one is caged and the lack of freedom fills him with rage at the injustice. The bars of rage can also be a metaphor of the social discrimination where the Afro-Americans were treated with contempt and disgust and they moulded the cage with hatred in their hearts and rage. The caged bird’s wings are clipped and his feet are tied, suggestive of the inhumanity and actions which go against nature. Bereft of flight and the ability to walk, the caged bird is only left with the option to sing.

The caged bird sings  
with a fearful trill  
of things unknown  
but longed for still  
and his tune is heard  
on the distant hill  
for the caged bird  
sings of freedom.

The caged bird is even afraid to sing. The lack of freedom and fear of punishment has left it scarred and it sings feebly and fearfully of things unknown. The bird sings of the things that he wanted to see but was unable to. The song and the tune of the caged bird are heard at a distance on the hill. The song manages to traverse and travel to the distant hill because the bird cries and sings of freedom that he was being unable to attain.

The free bird thinks of another breeze
and the trade winds soft through the sighing trees
and the fat worms waiting on a dawn bright lawn
and he names the sky his own

The free bird thinks of another breeze, another place where it could visit. The free bird thinks of the trade winds blowing through the trees and the fat worms that it could enjoy on a dawn bright lawn. The free birds name the sky his own as he is free to do whatever it wants and thus thinks of himself as the master of the sky.

But a caged bird stands on the grave of dreams  
his shadow shouts on a nightmare scream  
his wings are clipped and his feet are tied  
so he opens his throat to sing.

The caged bird, however, doesn’t have the freedom to think of the “trade winds” and the worms on a “dawn bright lawn” because his dreams have been snatched away. The bird has been caged, his power of flight has been snatched away and his feet have been tied. The bird is a prisoner and thus his dreams are good as dead in a grave. Through the repetition of the line, “his wings are clipped and his feet are tied” in the fourth stanza, Maya Angelou stresses the lack of freedom of the caged bird. Maya Angelou through the metaphor of the caged bird tells us that the Afro-Americans didn’t have much of a choice than to be mere prisoners in the hands of the cruel discriminatory White Americans.

The caged bird sings  
with a fearful trill  
of things unknown  
but longed for still  
and his tune is heard  
on the distant hill  
for the caged bird  
sings of freedom.

The refrain (3rd and 6th stanza) highlights the bird’s determination to keep singing despite the adverse circumstances. This poem can be a representation of the poet’s own cry and expression of freedom. Maya Angelou can well be regarded as the caged bird in the poem. Through the use of the metaphor, the poem compares caged birds to the African Americans fighting for equality during the civil rights movement.





Leadership Approach

Leadership is a skill of leading a particular group or an organization. It is an ability of an individual to lead or guide any group or teams. Not everyone could have a good leadership quality in them. An individual have to be well knowledge about everything, they have to be prepared of every time or for every consequences. They need to be positive so that any kind of negativity can be controlled. A leader is an individual who take the responsibility of the group or team.

Leadership is not an attractive personality that can just as well be a glib tongue. It is not a skill of influencing people but to motivate them. Also not a quality of making friends. It means lifting a person’s vision to high sights. Leader is one who raises a person’s performance to a higher standards. Else it is a building of a personality beyond its normal limitation. A person can have a leadership quality when they have the integrity comes from the mindset of adding value to people personal development. By empowering them to the high standards of who they are by their own unique talents and making them realize their worth. It is a skill which guide people in becoming their fullest expression of who they are and this make a leadership quality to the true success. A leader has to take tough decisions and sometimes have to stand alone with confidence. It also needs a compassion to listen to the needs of others. A leader should motivate people or encourage them or educate them so that this attitude further helps more people. A leader should be strong but not rude, a kind person but not a week person, a thoughtful person but not a lazy person, be humble, proud but not timid and arrogant.

A true leadership qualities needs to be knowledgeable and experienced. Other than this if a person wants to be a leader then he or she should have below qualities in them:

  1. Making their team focus on listening
  2. A good decision maker
  3. Good communication skills
  4. A positive attitude
  5. Should know how to control drastic situations
  6. Inspires people
  7. Challenges every process
  8. Determined
  9. Fair and Open-Minded
  10. Realistic
  11. Honest and Trustworthy
  12. Ethical and Principled
  13. Hardworking
  14. Courageous
  15. Passionate

However, a leadership skill is to be needed in this business and commerce world. It is needed to make people confident and to realize them their worth. Great leaders are not set for being great. They becomes great when they empowers others. They are the dealer in hope. A leadership quality cannot be easily developed by anyone. They need to be positive first before making others to be positive. Hence a good leader is the person who makes their group or team confident and successful.

“A leader’s job is not to do the work for others, its to help others figure out how to do it themselves.”– By: Simon Sinek

RESTRICTIONS ON UBER REMOVED

A Colombian court reversed an order that required ride-hailing company Uber to temporarily halt it’s activities in the country last year and to change the company’s service delivery model.

The Industry and Commerce Superintendency (SIC), which regulates fair competition and protects consumers, said Uber had violated the rules of competition in a taxi company lawsuit in December. In February Uber resumed transporting passengers with a new model of service that allows users to rent cars with drivers.

But in a decision dated Thursday, the Superior Tribunal of Bogota said the time limit for the taxi company to present its complaint had expired.

The SIC has repeatedly fined technology companies like Uber and Rappi this can mainly be attributed to the lack of regulatory framework for delivery and ride-hailing apps. DiDi and Cabify also operate in the country.

“It must be remembered that the situation of digital platforms in regards to the provision of these types of services is a regulatory issue that must be resolved via laws,” the head of the SIC Andres Barreto .

After recently announcing salary cuts and layoffs for its workers, Uber has furloughed hundreds of its employees in India, as coronavirus is chewing up sales. The company has announced that it will no longer operate with 600 workers in its Indian business, as the company is looking to slash expenses in the wake of a pandemic. The figure is 25 per cent of Uber ‘s total nation workers, Uber said Tuesday in a tweet. The announcements made by Uber follow an earlier statement made by its local competitor Ola, which had laid off 1,400 employees or around one in every third employee.

 “Around 600 full time positions across driver and rider support, as well as other functions, are being impacted. These reductions are part of previously announced global job cuts this month,” Pradeep Parameswaran, President for Uber’s India and South Asia businesses, said.

Job cuts were implemented through out various departments from client and driver service, corporate growth, compliance, regulation, communications, and finance. As part of the company ‘s corporate turnaround program, Uber has retrenched about 6,700 employees this month. The American multinational ride hailing company said it gave the laid off workers 10 to 12 weeks of pay. Uber has provided them with medical benefits over the next six months.

“The impact of Covid-19 and the unpredictable nature of the recovery has left Uber India with no choice but to reduce the size of its workforce. Today is an incredibly sad day for colleagues leaving the Uber family and all of us,” the statement said.

But with easing lockdowns the company said on Wednesday trip requests were gradually picking up, but still remained significantly below prior year levels, as several countries start to lift coronavirus-led restrictions.

Trip requests are now down about 70% from a year earlier, slightly lesser than April’s 80% drop, Chief Executive Officer Dara Khosrowshahi said in a conference with Bank of America analysts. He said the company’s rides business is improving on a week-over-week basis, adding that the surge in food-delivery orders at Uber Eats recorded in the first quarter, showed no signs of slowing in May, easing concerns of investors who thought it could be a one-off trend during the pandemic.

Source: 1.https://in.reuters.com/article/uber-colombia/colombia-court-overturns-restriction-on-uber-idINKBN23R0DQ?il=0

2.https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/sme/uber-lay-offs-coronavirus-lockdown-startups-uber-india-staff-fired-industry-salary-cuts-job-loss-uber/1970594/

3.https://www.deccanherald.com/business/uber-signals-recovery-in-rides-as-coronavirus-lockdown-restrictions-ease-845468.html

Racism in India |Why India remain silent when it comes to their own country

Everyone might be aware of the incident happened in the USA a few weeks ago that led protest all over the world. George Floyd death. On 25 May 2020 George Floyd, a 46 -year old African American man was killed by white Minneapolis Police. This all started when a restaurant owner complaint about George Floyd using a counterfeit bill. During an arrest for allegedly using a fraud currency, officer Derek Chauvin kneeled on his neck for almost nine minutes while Floyd was handcuffed and lying face down, while repeatedly saying that ”I can’t breathe” until Floyd was motionless and had no pulse. The incident was recorded by bystanders, which was widely spread. People outsource their voice against injustice, the video goes viral activating protests and flaring global anger.

A few weeks ago I witnessed the people outsourcing their voice through the social media saying ”Blacks Lives Matter” against injustice. I am proud of all them for lifting their voices for the community which is highly oppressed over the years. But why we remain silent when it comes to our own country. In 2014, Nido Tania a college student died due to severe lung and brain injuries by an attack upon him in a South Delhi market by a shopkeeper and some men. He was beaten with iron rods and stick and another day he was found dead on the bed. What was his mistake? That he was from northeast India. Activists and students expressed their anger and outrage over Nido’s death with the candle-light march. But nothing has changed over the years. Still so many Indians are voiceless about the disease prevailing in our own country. It is not the only case of injustice against northeast people. During this COVID-19 crisis in Bangalore, a report was filed against the staff of a popular supermarket chain, when two northeast people were denied to enter the supermarket, came to buy grocery items. They were denied because of their appearance. Ethnic discrimination is one of the biggest problem in India. I ask all of you again what was their mistake? They just came to the supermarket to buy groceries they were denied because they were from northeast India. Is this justified? Indians outsource their voice against Injustice for George Floyd and we have to stand with our own people facing this discrimination over the years .” Be the change that you want to see in the world”. Northeast Indians are not only community suffering. Siddhi community (African-Indians) are still going through the same phase. Siddhis are the African tribes that were brought 600 years before as a Slave and caste system keep them in extreme poverty for centuries. In 2003, they have been granted as the status of scheduled tribes. There are many cases of discrimination with the tribe in India, which make India as the most racist country. Every life matter and its high time we stand against injustice and raise our voice.

Please let me know your thoughts in the comment below and have a wonderful day.

STUDENTS: MAKE USE OF LOCKDOWN

“Stay Productive Stay Positive”

Covid-19 situation has turned the lives of students into home stay or quarantine. These are the most challenging times that we are living in. The spike in cases of corona has shut educational institutions to practice social distancing and stay indoors.

“Make this pandemic time productive for yourself”

However, this free time is precious for gaining many valuable activities which we do not get in normal days. Most of us must have tired of watching movies, shows etc. But there are plenty of things more than that-

  • Start a reading challenge- If you want to be a good writer or want to enhance your comprehension skills, do start reading articles, stories or whatever you like.
  • Learn a new language- Try to learn a new language of your internet which could help you to freely communicate with the people of that area.
  • Aim a fitness challenge- This is the time you can spend on your body. Do challenge to get regular habit of Yoga.
  • Create a collage- We have a collection of so many photos of childhood, events. This is the time to organize them in diaries, make collage. Remembering the good times will relieve any stress and anxiety.
  • Watch documentaries- Well we spend a lot of time on TV. You can expand your knowledge by watching documentaries on varying topics such as politics, famous heroes, etc.
  • Participate in webinars – Various types of webinars on social issues,skills- based are conducting in this pandemic time, do participate and express your views over the topics.
  • Play indoor-outdoor games- On regular basis, most of us do not get time for playing games. At this time, we can spend it on games which will also help for health of oneself.
  • Work on your hobbies-Spend time on your hobbies which we do not get in busy schedule.
  • Online Courses- There are various online courses to enhance your skills during lockdown. You can get guidance sitting at home for which you want.
  • Communicate with old friends- We are social beings we need to talk to people. In the time social media, try to interact with old friends and share your feelings, remember past memories.
  • Organize your notes- Students preparing for competitive exams, this is the high time for organizing notes and lecture notes.
  • Work for internships- Work from home internships are prevailing in this time. You can apply and work to shape your skills.
  • Learn to cook- Taking this time to learn how to cook will save you future expenditure, keep you healthy and even make you less homesick when you are in hostel.

All these things will engage your mind and will keep away from negative thoughts and feelings.Always try to innovate so to learn more and more new things. I hope you would have learnt so much from this article. Try it……

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT


The origin of scientific management dates back to the year 1832 when Charles Babbage discussed the principles of scientific management in his book “The economy of manufactures”. In real sense, scientific management owes its origin to Frederick Winslow Taylor, who is commonly regarded as the father of scientific management.

MEANING OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

Scientific management may be regarded as a set of scientific techniques that are supposed to increase the efficiency of an enterprise. Under scientific management, the selection of men, machines, materials is made by a scientific approach. Here, all the organizational activities are performed by rationality and proper discipline, this scientific management is a logical approach towards the solution of management and it assumes that the methods of scientific inquiry, analysis and experimentation can be applied to the activities of managers. It means approaching the problems of management in the manner and spirit of scientific research using tools such as definition, analysis, experiments, etc. It is ‘Scientific Management’ as opposed to ‘Traditional Management’ based on the rule of thumb, trial, error. As said by Peter F. Drucker “The cost of scientific management is the organized study of work, the analysis of work into its simplest elements and the systematic management of the worker’s performance of each element”.

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We can summarise scientific management as:

  1. Scientific study and analysis of work.
  2. Scientific selection and training of employees.
  3. Standardization of raw material, equipment, and working conditions.
  4. Reasonable remuneration to employees.
  5. Scientific management is an economical method that makes the best possible use by integration and coordination of available resources.
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

1. A definite plan: To achieve predetermined definite objectives, management needs a definite plan, and the plan should be goal-oriented.

2. A definite objective: In scientific management, every organization has to establish the basic objectives and efforts are to be made by applying physical and human resources to achieve these predetermined objectives.

3. A set of rules: To make scientific management more effective, a set of rules are framed and these sets of rules are tested and verified as regards their effectiveness in the real business situations by a group of persons.

4. Economy: The main aim of scientific management is to achieve the economy of time, money, and labor, and the technique of economy is used for producing maximum at a minimum cost.

5. Scientific analysis and experiment: Before starting any work, the utility, effectiveness, and suitability of plans are to be tested and analyzed, and thus by scientific analysis and experiment, we can choose the best course of action.

6. Increase in efficiency: The techniques of scientific management help in increasing the efficiency of workers and new techniques and improved tools are used for increasing efficiency.

7. Time study: Time study is concerned with labor productivity and according to it, an estimate is made of the amount of work required to be done to perform a job.

8. Cooperation: In the present competitive situation, efforts should be made to establish a cordial relation between labor and capital. Cooperation is essential for efficient management and group efforts for group benefit can be the active cooperation of each individual.