This representation of Ceres’ Occator Crater in false colours shows differences in the surface composition. Scientists use the false colour as a way of examining the way that the surface is composed ( NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA )
Artificial Intelligence could make us think that we have found aliens Scientists warn.
This technology means the simulation of human intelligence in a machine that is programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions.
Artificial intelligence is one of the breakthrough technologies in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, is used to sort through huge amounts of the image in the hopes of spotting “technosignatures”, or indications of alien life.
But the discovery suggests that people could be get excited about potential discoveries spotted by artificial intelligence, only to find that they are meaningless, accidental formations on alien planets.
The study used a particular formation on the dwarf planet Ceres, which excited alien-hunters when it was first discovered. Ceres Ceres is a dwarf planet and the biggest object in the asteroid belt that sits between Mars and Jupiter. For a long time, scientists could only guess at what was causing the areas of brightness — with suggestions including gas, ice, volcanos or something else entirely. Nasa even asked the public for help in identifying the cause of the bright spots.
But the new research finds that the spots are probably salt, reflecting light up and so giving the appearance of a bright area on Ceres’s surface.
The study concludes that the “unusual areas are consistent with hydrated magnesium sulfates mixed with dark background material”, the researchers say. The paper has been published in Nature.
In all, there are more than 130 bright areas, most of which seem to have come from asteroid impacts. When those asteroids landed they likely dislodged the salt that is leading to the bright areas.
“The global nature of Ceres’ bright spots suggests that this world has a subsurface layer that contains briny water-ice,” Nathues said. This claim has been made after the new images taken from the camera on Dawn.
The planet’s surface includes what appears to be a square structure within a triangle one, and appears to have been intentionally built. The discovery of the crater, named Occator, led some to speculate that it had been constructed by an alien civilisation – though it is most likely just an accident of light and shadow on the surface.
In the new research, conducted by scientists from the University of Cadiz and published in the journal Acta Astronautica, participants were shown one of those mysterious formations on the planet’s surface. They were then asked to describe what they saw, with many people pointing out the unusual formation.
The scientists then did the same with an artificial intelligence system, which had been trained to spot squares and triangles in images. The AI also spotted the formations – and, once it had, it meant that participants also saw them too.
“Both people and artificial intelligence detected a square structure in the images, but the AI also identified a triangle,” said Gabriel G De la Torre, the neuropsychologist who led the study. “And when the triangular option was shown to humans, the percentage of persons claiming to see it also increased significantly.”
The researchers said the study should warn those hunting for alien civilisations that the use of artificial intelligence “could confuse us and tell us that it has detected impossible or false things”. But it might also help us spot structures that would never have been noticed by humanity, he said,
Ever wondered why diamond is so precious? What makes it so unique? Is it a marketing strategy or rarity in nature as around 250 tons of Earth get removed to find a carat of a diamond? We don’t know exactly, but we do know that both diamond and graphite are pure carbon. What exactly makes it distinguishable is the internal molecular structure. A diamond can be so powerful that it cannot cut by any other object; instead, it gets cut by another diamond, which makes it so unique. These diamonds made it reach everywhere, making it globally like a social status to show.
A hypothesis says that the information collected from Voyager 2 depicts the abundance of diamond-like structures on the planets Neptune and Uranus. This phenomenon happens due to extremely high pressure and temperature on these icy planets and maybe found in deep in the core too. More than 40 years after the mission, now finally can demonstrate the same by the researchers under similar conditions and factors in the controlled environment.
Diamonds or crystals?
These diamond formations can be due to methane present, and also, it can be found on other planets too in the form of pure diamond, even in the stars. Why are we restricted then? This problem is because the Milky Way itself has many undiscovered planets, and it is almost 3-4 billion kilometers away from the Earth. Also, Uranus is nearly four times the Earth in size.
Imagine you gather diamonds, but how do you distinguish between a fake one out of a bunch of collected objects? The answer is simple, and there are many methods, one of them is a fog test; blow a few times to the diamond, if it doesn’t remain foggy for long, you can keep it in your collection. The findings mention about high powered optical lasers to heat polystyrene to its maximum. But there is no such item in the actual planets, and it was a substitute to the methane deep down at 8 thousand kilometers or more, by using two shockwaves to generate heat up to 5 thousand Kelvin and pressure close to half of the force present at the core of the Earth at 150 GPa.
The solar system
As diamonds are more massive in density, it isn’t easy to find them, and so now the artificial diamonds are being created by explosives, although lasers can help if there are some new findings. The gemstone made artificially is perfect in shape. Marvin Ross, in 1981 wrote the article describing the possibilities of diamonds on these planets.
To conclude, diamonds can be shiny bright, but the actual component is still black. Carbon itself has so many usages, it is one of the major parts on Earth found abundantly, but a diamond is always rare. Be a diamond, not to discriminate, no matter how dark your future is, you can still outshine and be a model. You won’t need diamond rains when life itself is showering diamonds in your life when you’re successful.
Teflon-coated cookware is the ultimate in cookware convenience. It keeps food from sticking to the pan, allows the diet conscious to use less fat while cooking, and makes washing up easier. Teflon, known chemically as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is a plastic-like substance made up of a complex mixture of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs). All good non-stick coatings intended for use in cooking are made with PTFE. The difference between brands lies in the proportion in which PTFE is blended with other materials.
Teflon is composed of several toxic chemicals that can be released from heated pans into the air and into food. The more often you use your pans at high temperatures, the quicker the coating will break down and emit tiny particles and gases into the air. As this happens (usually within about two years of continual use), washing Teflon-coated pans by hand or in a dishwasher with harsh detergents may accelerate the process further.
The chemicals emitted by Teflon are harmful to humans and deadly, even in minute amounts, to pet birds. Even if you’ve never used a Teflon-coated pan, there’s a good chance that you are carrying some of Teflon’s breakdown products in your body because the substance has a wide range of uses outside the home. PFCs have been shown to accumulate in human organs like the liver, gall bladder and thyroid gland. In other primates, exposure to one of Teflon’s breakdown products, PFOA, has led to hypothyroidism (the condition of having an underactive thyroid). This effect is also apparent in human studies. A prolonged state of hypothyroidism is a risk for obesity, insulin resistance and thyroid cancer.
Teflon may reduce the amount of fat we cook with, make washing up easier and clothes and carpets last longer; but it is a frivolous and unnecessary substance the benefits of which pale beside the possibility of killing beloved pets and raising your risk of heart disease, diabetes, birth defects and cancer.
Humans have been bringing advancement and progress in their way of living their lives with the help of science and Technology. Working in the phase turning ideas and dreams into reality have brought the confidence within them, enabling them to tackle difficult barriers and errors easily. These technologies and gadgets we use have helped the life of humans more comfortable and provided the ease of doing work. These have been in action and got pace after the industrial revolution and since then no turning back. With the help of these humans have made machines, automotives, rockets,buildings and many more to solve the curiosity running all through their mind. The biggest curiosity which has fascinated humans and still does is space. Space has always been u known to us and we get attracted to this fact.
The race to space which did start with the fight to win it between the top countries of Soviet Union and the US did result in possibilities of understanding space as soon as humans landed on the moon. The fight turned into a pace of learning and solving many curiosities related to it. The theory of formation of space is well known and we do call it the Big Bang Theory but the theory of formation of the moon was still hidden. There were many theories which suggested that it may have come floating in space from other place. The other suggested that the moon was a part of earth interior and earth spin at high speed which did throw it away in space and various other theories. Scientists wanted a theory or reality which they can believe upon. The Apollo mission helped in it. The first landing on moon, and astronauts walk created history. But as soon as they were returning back, they collected the sample of the surface of the moon, which changed everything. The sample was collected by Neil Armstrong as they saw they had some space in their shuttle to keep it. When they came back, the regolith was sent for analysis to understand what the moon surface is made off and what are the elements which may be present out there. Surprisingly they saw some white rock like particles which looked and scientists supposed it to be Anorthosite. It was something strange but also a great deal at that time as it could help us solve the theory of formation of the moon.
Regolith is the moon soil which Neil Armstrong brought back on our earth. The curiosity of scientists increased as it was so fine that they were amazed to see such small particles of it. We know that the moon doesn’t have an atmosphere like earth, thus it doesn’t break any asteroid or meteoroid coming in it. This has happened for billion of years and thus created the sandy stuff on its upper layer. So while examining it, they found many white particles which looked like Anorthosite. The fact about anorthosite is that it’s an igneous rock which means it’s a magmatic rock formed through cooling and solidification of magma. Anorthosite is lighter and less denser than various other things in magma. This suggests that the crust or the outer part of the moon is covered with anorthosite, which suggests that the moon was covered with magma all over.
So the big question which arose was how could the moon have magma inside it? Later scientists brought a Giant impact hypothesis, which is widely accepted around the globe. According to these hypotheses, earth got smashed by a big size object or may be plants, which initiated or threw the melted clouds of this magma and particles outside which formed debris like that of Saturn rings, which got collected and that formed into our moon. This might have happened billions of years ago when our earth was newly born and was hot. These rocks are guessed to be the oldest rocks since the times of formation of our earth and later moon.
Landing on the moon brought humans close to the less known facts of the moon and also its creation. It not only helps us to know the presence of other essential components and rocks such as oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron and many more. These space expeditions have helped humans to solve few of space mysteries and many more are in the run to be solved with frequent trips to space, various research and developments in this field and new ideas to reach more of other planets and get deep into secrets of space, increase more of our fascination towards various space phenomenon and thus open another phase of possibilities and opportunities for humans .
After the government ban, 59 Chinese apps in India including the Tiktok app the Indian social media apps are gearing up.
ShareChat has recorded the downloads of 15 million within 36 hours of banning of Chinese apps in India. Hence ShareChat has become the largest Indian social media platform with 60 million monthly active monthly users.
Berges Malu, director of public policy at ShareChat states that while the platform is well poised to make the most of the opportunity that has opened up, the growth in terms of new users will be a gradual affair. He says, “It’s not an instant process – anyone that uses an app like TikTok is likely already using other social media platforms too, such as ShareChat itself. Hence, the overall growth of users will likely reflect over the coming weeks, once the network-level bans are imposed on these apps.”
ShareChat on Wednesday said it has clocked 15 million downloads within 36 hours of the announcement banning Chinese apps in India. The social media app was downloaded at a rate of 5 lakh per hour while the new users flooded the platform with over 1 lakh posts supportive of the government’s decision.
ShareChat is an Indian company founded by three IIT Kanpur graduates in 2015. It has prioritised communication in local languages, which includes posts, hashtags, creative banners, and posters. With the ban now effective in India, India’s internet population is moving to other options, which, at hand, are the Indian counterparts. ShareChat, an alternative to social media and content-creation platforms, has said the content on its platform is shared on WhatsApp over 1 billion times a month and that its users spend over 25 minutes daily on the app. It has over 160 million users now and 60 million monthly active users.
“We are excited to see the way people are exploring ShareChat for the endless possibilities it offers to the people and making it the preferred Indian social media platform,” said Farid Ahsan, COO, and Co-founder of ShareChat. “We are thankful for their continuous support and yet again, enabling us to emerge as the leader in the Indian social media landscape. We are confident that this sets up the foundation of another success for ShareChat.”
ShareChat’s Malu states that the ban is going to be more effective in the long run. “Bans like these create a void in the market, where there is a demand for a service. In such a space, there is already an existing user base, which in turn leads to investors getting attracted. This can certainly boost the Indian startup ecosystem in this space, and is something that may see stronger growth of homegrown services than before,” he adds.
ShareChat is a rival of the Chinese app TikTok which is banned in India now. Along with ShareChat, there are other apps like Chingari, Roposo and Mitron are also flourishing as the Indian public is more aware of the benefits of using the homegrown apps.
Biswatma Nayak, the co-founder of Chingari, stated in a report that subscriber count has spiked by 400 percent within the past few days in light of the anti-China sentiment. Sumit Ghosh, co-founder and head of product and growth at Chingari, has claimed that the app received 1 lakh downloads within 1 first hour.
Mayank Bhangadia, the founder of Roposo, also says “I am seeing the highest surge in user traffic that Roposo has seen to date. All things considered, I expect to see up to 10 million new users join Roposo today itself.”
“Medicines cure diseases, but only doctors can cure patients” – Carl Jung
India celebrates National Doctor’s Day every year, on this day doctors across the country are honoured for their relentless service. This day is like a tribute to all medical and healthcare professionals who have attended to patients and did their bit for the society irrespective of all odds. This day is to express gratitude towards the importance of doctors in our lives and the role they play in the welfare of this humankind. In India, National Doctors Day is organised by the Indian Medical Association (IMA).
The Doctor’s Day theme this year’s stands, “Lessen the mortality of COVID 19”. It includes awareness about asymptomatic hypoxia and early aggressive therapy.
July 1 marks the birth, as well as the death anniversary of one of the most renowned physicians in India, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy. He was also the second chief minister of West Bengal. He received the country’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, on February 4, 1961, and therefore the day is celebrated to honour the personality. Dr Roy was honoured with the country’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, on February 4, 1961. In 1991, India started celebrating the National Doctor’s Day in honour of Dr Roy as a great physician.
While this year, due to the coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak, it has been particularly hard on medical professionals. The hard work and dedication of the doctors since the start of the pandemic has been praise worthy. Due to the widespread of coronavirus, National Doctor’s Day celebration will not include face to face meetings and celebrations. State-level webinars and virtual meetings by video conferencing will be conducted to acknowledge the efforts of each doctor and medical practitioners. Every member of IMA and the local branch take a lead in the local area and bring about a change in the current situation (Covid-19 pandemic), said the IMA.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi took to twitter and posted a video to thank the Covid warriors who have been taking care of each one of us and serving the country without thinking about their lives.
For several years National Doctor’s Day is celebrated by the Government and non-government healthcare organisations to get familiar with the doctor’s contributions. Healthcare organisations staff organises several events and activities on this day. For grand celebration on Doctor’s Day Rotary Club of the North Calcutta and North East Calcutta Social & Welfare Organization” organises big events annually. Free medical check-up camps are organised at various health care centers and public places by the health care organisations to promote quality medical services free of cost among the public. Rotational medical services by the doctors are also promoted. Various discussion programs are organised across the country to make people aware of health check-up, prevention, diagnosis, proper treatment of the disease, etc. General screening test camps are also organised to assess the health status, health counseling, health nutrition talks and chronic disease awareness among poor people and senior citizens. The contribution of doctors needs to be recognised this year more than ever as they combat the coronavirus pandemic from the frontlines as Frontline Warriors .Therefore honour front line warriors and support medical workers to fight with the virus.
“People Pay the Doctor for His Trouble; for His Kindness, They Still Remain in His Debt” -Seneca.
Every year on 1st July India celebrates National Doctor’s Day in honor of Bharat Ratna Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy former chief minister of West Bengal and someone who represented the best of his profession at a critical time in India’s modern history.
He is still considered the greatest Chief Minister of West Bengal and a visionary of developing the State as after independence lot of industrial development took place in the State. He was the one to establish the Indian Medical Association in 1928 and the Medical Council of India. He also played a crucial role in establishing the Indian Institute of Mental Health, the Infectious Disease Hospital, and even Kolkata’s first-ever postgraduate medical college.
My Tribute to our life Saviors
And on this Doctor’s Day salute to all the doctors and healthcare workers for their selfless service. In this pandemic, they are real-life heroes, bringing hope in these difficult situations. Keeping us safe, fighting the coronavirus war at The frontline. Their invaluable contribution makes people recover from this dreadful disease.
The destructive object, as you must have seen in different sci-fi movies, it is even forecasted that it might destroy the planet Earth. There were several discussions about the asteroids that are near, and we’ve finished along with this pandemic. Hopefully, there weren’t such incidents. 30th June, the world celebrates this day as World Asteroid Day. Let us know why.
The day after the declaration by UN General Assembly in December 2016, now it will be observed every year as a remembrance to the Tunguska impact in Siberia, presently Russia, in the year 1908. The effect was so powerful by flattening over 2000 sq.km area. The trees fell all over the village; it was a spark all of a sudden, and a loud sound filled in the nearby area equivalent to giant bomb detonated, but this is by nature itself.
A visualization of an asteroid approaching the Earth.
Asteroids, sometimes described as minor planets and some are called planetoids when they’re more substantial in size. Ceres, being the first asteroid noticed in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, was discovered as a planet. Sir William Herschel, an astronomer, coined the term asteroid. Most of them found in the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. Even you might have heard about the Kuiper belt, the home to three dwarf planets, including the Pluto. It is similar to the asteroid belt.
Few asteroids are more than 100 km in diameter, which can be a threat, but hardly an asteroid hits the Earth so massively once in 2000 years or more. There is a possibility that the dinosaurs could have wiped away due to a colossal asteroid. The thing to consider is that comet, meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite aren’t the same. Hence, you might know a meteor is also a shooting star, which is said to fulfill your wishes when you see it up in the sky.
Meteorites in the space.
These NEOs or near-Earth objects can be a significant threat, although many small objects hit the Earth daily. According to an estimate, almost 17 meteors every day, and this can increase in the future exponentially. If you saw the movie, Ice Age: Collision Course, the film has a scene where an asteroid hit Earth. There are almost more than 600 thousand asteroids present in the space. The first asteroid, as described, did an explosion occurs at an altitude of around 5-10 kilometers, which resulted in wiping out 80 million trees and a glow spread about far from 700 kilometers. The sound could be audible from a thousand kilometers from the origin.
The most massive asteroid has a diameter of 900-1000 kilometers, with a mass equivalent to 32 percent of the entire belt between Mars and Jupiter. One of the documentaries by W.D. Hogan can release in the theaters on 8th October 2020. It has explanations about the origin, what risks can get involved, and how can we save against them. Luckily, the first asteroid fell in a barren land. If it were a living habitat, a lot of people would lose their life; they’ll have almost no time to escape. Prepare well in time, and sometimes the rumors may also turn true.
An illustration of possible destruction of dinosaur species by an asteroid.
Humans have been working in science and technology for a number of decades and have brought advancement in the basic life’s so as to make it more comfortable and easier than it used to be. The advancement with industrial revolution and much more investment in new ideas and innovation helped us to make thoughts of the ideal things to turn into reality. Earlier humans used to pen down their ideas on paper and just gathered every part of the entity required to manufacture it. This really resulted in failure most of the time including, time, resource and money. Most of the people stopped working in this field of innovations as they cannot handle much of their losses.a
But soon came the softwares which made this job of innovation and ideas to be much easier through varied features in them.
Software of 3-d modelling and analysis not only helped most of the people to pen down their ideas, but also visualize them as complete models in those software with much less investment.
These software helped scientists and researchers to modify any part of the object which they find doesn’t suit it or may create problems in the final operation.
Also these software helped humans to analyse various forces and stress acting on it while in motion. For example if we consider manufacturing a car or an aeroplane, to test it physically after creating would take time, loss of resources and money. This was a resource through proper analysis of 3-d models in software.
These Tools helped to analyze various forces ,stress and strain, at different highest and temperature and hence helped humans to understand the feasibility of their model and the required changes which must be done so as to assure proper working. Various other features of these 3-d softwares not only helped humans to build them, but also to test them, through various simulations. This truly transformed the ways in which things were made especially cars and airplanes and has saved much of resources and money.
These days many other techniques have been discovered which not only makes these 3-d models in them but also print them out. 3-d printing provides us with the prototype of the actual model. It scales down the actual size if the object be it a car or any aeroplane we could get a rough idea of how it would look like when it certainly lands as an actual one. These scientific tools and innovation in them have helped humans to create whatever they want, irrespective of their shape. The advantages of 3-d printing and these tools are that they can help us make complex shapes and of different sizes. These not only prove to be cost effective but also provide better efficiency in their work along with the best of accuracy. Accuracy is an important factor which we want especially while working on sensitive objects such as planes and small ignorance can lead to a big mishappening. Thus simulation and 3-d tools and analysis have transformed our life with better modes of production and manufacturing technologies. But the main issue with these software is that we do require skilled person to operate, and also takes time for new person to learn them. A single mistake can lead to mishappening, so companies do invest to get better use of the prison to operate these software and thus provide better and safe results.
Humans have made a major shifted to 3-d printing and their analysis and almost all companies in today’s world working in the field of new idea and innovation, do use these software which not only save their time but also much of money and material. This we acknowledge a future with much better ways to manufacture and produce and thus empower humanity with their dream to turn reality and ease their life.
Biogas is obtained from anaerobic digestion process, a fermentation process, which takes place in a closed airtight digester where organic raw materials such as manure, food waste, sewage sludge and organic industrial waste are converted into biogas and digestate as products. The produced biogas is a mixture of 50-70% methane and 30-50% carbon dioxide and smaller amounts of water vapor, hydrogen sulphide and other minor components and trace elements. The wet digestate results from anaerobic digestion of the substrates, which are pumped out of the digester tank, after the extraction of biogas.
Very simple biogas digesters have been in use in China, India and many other Asian countries for many years. Industrial applications of biogas production started well over 50 years ago as a means of stabilizing sewage sludge at waste water treatment plants. The biogas industry expanded in the 1970’s and 1980’s as increased production of different organic materials (such as manure and industrial wastewater from sugar refinery and pulp mills) became more widely used. Starting in the mid 1990’s extraction of landfill gas (low quality biogas) came to the fore, along with the construction of farm-based biogas plants and anaerobic digestion of solid wastes from food industry and food waste. After 2000’s, there was an increased interest in biogas and so, construction of farm-based biogas plants took place and an industrial sector was established.
The multiple functions of biogas in circular economy:
1. Biogas: a part of the modern society’s energy supply system
Biogas, made from organic waste streams, does not add to the carbon dioxide load in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide produced during combustion of biogas is offset by either the carbon dioxide consumed by the biomass, which is digested. Biogas is thus a “green” sustainable energy vector and has a significant role in shifting to a sustainable decarbonized society. Biogas has many uses in the sustainable society that can be utilized in a broader perspective than today. Industries, as well as households, can use biogas for heating and hot water supply. Biogas can be used to supply warm air for drying, for example, in laundries, carpentries, industrial coating facilities and other places where there is a need for fast and efficient drying. The exhausts from upgraded biogas combustion are clean and do not generate odours or particles.
2. Biogas used for heat and electricity production
The most common use of biogas is in a non-upgraded form for production of electricity and heat production. The default use of biogas is for CHP (Central Heat and Power) production, which is in fact production of renewable electricity and heat, also known as cogeneration. The heat from the CHP engine can also be used to drive an absorption chiller to give a source of cooling, resulting in a combined cooling, heat and power (CCHP), also known as trigeneration. The utilization of the renewable heat is very important, as it brings about significant additional economic and environmental benefits, on top of the utilization of biogas for renewable electricity production.
3. Upgraded biogas or ‘bio-methane’ used as vehicle fuel
Raw biogas can be upgraded in a process which removes hydrogen sulphide, water, particles and CO2 present in the gas. The process creates a gas consisting mainly of methane and thus increases its energy content. Clean upgraded biogas is used as fuel for cars, buses and trucks of various sizes. In several countries, there is a well-developed infrastructure for vehicle gas, and it is possible to fuel natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in the most densely populated areas of such countries. Today, vehicle gas like CNG, LPG is used mostly for buses, trucks and passenger cars.
4. Upgraded biogas ‘bio-methane’ injection into the gas grid
Biomethane from renewable sources is also fed into the national transmission network for natural gas in several countries.
5. Reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions
One of the main reasons for a transition from fossil energy and fuel to renewable energy and fuel is the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The production of biofuels and bioenergy contributes to a significant reduction of GHG emissions. In many areas around the world, organic substances, considered as waste, are still deposited in landfill sites where they decompose, releasing methane (CH4) with a global warming potential (GWP) 21 times that of CO2. When these streams of organic waste are redirected from landfill to a biogas facility, a significant reduction in methane emissions from landfills occurs.
6. Improved nutrient up-take efficiency in agriculture
Intensive agriculture is one of the major greenhouse gas sources worldwide. These emissions are associated with enteric fermentation, management of manures and production of synthetic fossil fuel based fertilizers. Anaerobic digestion systems remove the easily degradable carbon compounds in feedstocks such as slurries, and converts them to biogas. When the remaining digestate is applied as biofertiliser, the slow to degrade carbon is recycled back to soils, contributing to build up of the humus content of the soil and its long-term suitability for agriculture. Macro and micro-nutrients contained in digestate are predominately in mineral form which makes them easily accessible to the plant roots, compared with nutrients in raw manure and slurry, which are mainly organic compounds, and must be mineralized in order to be up-taken by the plants. As such digestate has a higher nutrient uptake efficiency, compared with raw manure and slurries.
Organic matter in digestate can build up the humus content in the soil; this is a benefit unique to organic fertilizers, which is particularly crucial for arid and semi-arid lands with low carbon content. The destruction of weed seeds in the AD process is another significant benefit to organic farmers.
7. Energy security
Fossil energy is still in abundant use around the world. This energy comes in the form of coal, oil and natural gas from a relatively limited geographical region and is used worldwide. Many countries are thus dependent on a few countries for energy supply. A transition to a bio-based/renewable energy production system would better balance the energy supply situation around the world; more countries and regions would be able to become energy self-sustainable.
8. Optimal utilization of resources
In a sustainable society where resources are used efficiently, what previously was considered to be waste is instead included in a production circle where organic material and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are returned to the soil to replace chemical fossil fuel sourced fertilizer. When digesting municipal and industrial food waste such as waste from super markets and restaurants or slaughterhouse waste, biogas is produced, and valuable nutrients accumulate in the digestate where they are easily used as fertilizer. One ton of digested food waste produces 1200 kWh biogas energy, which is enough fuel to drive 1900 km with a gas fueled car. The food waste from 3000 households can fuel a gas bus for a year.
Some countries already have targets for energy recovery from food waste. The Swedish government, for example, has a target that at least half of all generated food waste from households, shops and restaurants be separated and treated to recover nutrients and that 40% is treated to recover energy by 2018.
9. Generating income in rural areas
The biogas plant itself is not labor intensive but it can create new business opportunities in rural areas which otherwise suffer from depopulation. Through collaboration with different farms, the biogas plant can create different job opportunities along the process chain, such as raw material cultivation and collection. By increasing local energy production, income stays in the local area instead of going to global energy markets.
In the future bio-economy, wastes will be transformed to highvalue products and chemical building blocks, fuels, power and heating; biogas facilities will play a vital role in this development, and in the implementation of the novel production paths that arise in the transition to a bio-economy.
The future of the biogas facility is a factory where value is created from previously wasted materials. This ensures sustainability of the environment and potential for financial gain for the local community. The flexibility of the anaerobic digestion system and its ability to digest a multitude of organic feedstocks, while producing a significant range of products ensures the role of anaerobic digestion and biogas in the circular economy.
International Journal of Research (IJR) 