how a bill becomes an act?

A draft legislative proposal which has to pass from various stages before becoming an Act is known as a Bill.

First Reading:

The legislative process starts with the introduction of a Bill in either of the House of Parliament- Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. It can be only introduced by a Minister or by a Private member. In the former case, it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as Private Member’s bill. To introduce a Bill, a member-in-charge of the Bill should ask for a leave. If leave is given by the House, the Bill is introduced. It is known as the First Reading of the Bill. If the motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed, the speaker may allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member-in-charge who moved the motion. The Speaker may permit a full discussion thereon when a motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed on the ground that the bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the house. After that the question is put to the vote of the House. However, the motion for leave to introduce a Finance Bill or an Appropriation Bill is immediately put to the vote of the House.

Second Reading:

The second reading consists of consideration of the Bill as further discussed in two stages:

  1. The first stage consists of general discussion on the principle underlying the Bill. At this stage, it is open to the House to refer the Bill to a Select Committee of the two Houses or to circulate it for the purpose of evoking opinion thereon or to straightaway take it into consideration.
  2. The second stage consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill reported by Select/Joint Committee. Discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to a clause can be moved at this stage.

Third Reading:

Thereafter, the Member-in-charge can say that the Bill is passed and can move to other House. This further known as the Third Reading of the Bill. At this stage, the debate is being to an arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of members voting is necessary. In the case of a bill to amend the Constitution, a majority of total membership of the House with a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Member present in House of Parliament voting is required for each one of them.

After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for an agreement with a message and further it goes through the stages described above, except the introduction stage.

textbooks – a barrier for learning

Learning can be the best process of acquiring knowledge, behaviour, skills and attitudes. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event like being burned by a hot stove, but much skill and knowledge accumulates from repeated experiences. Human learning starts at birth and continues until death.
There are several modes of learning. One such is textbook, which often gives the knowledge in a theoretical manner. Some of the recent researches have shown that textbooks alone cannot judge a student. Every human has a talent, but the main problem arises in analyzing it.
Students can also gain knowledge in several ways. One of them is sciensation. It conveys the excitement of doing researches through puzzles, quizzes, lectures and events. By using this methodologies students can gain knowledge with less efforts and also with less usage of textbooks. This process also insist the students not to believe the information blindly. For example, We always follow the learning that “Pronouns are those which are pointing the nouns”.In some cases, there is a repetition of a particular name which leads to confusion. Hence in order to clarify that confusion some other name can be used which are mentioned to be pronouns.
Sometimes while reading a book, it is mentioned that “point to the before paragraph” but why not the same paragraph? It always promote thinking and also check your connection with that matter. The main part of learning is the process of documentation which gives out the complete detail of your learning.
Similarly, the knowledge can also be gained by reading books, listening to several lectures of good, medium, bad teachers for analyzing the difference between them. Brainstorming the textbooks,listing keywords can also increase your knowledge. By gaining knowledge of different domains, we can easily flush our assumptions and dispositions.
While learning or teaching, you should be crisp in the concept which will make you the best. Similarly while attending an interview, you should always provide the best answer relevant to the question asked, which will increase your chance of being hired. One should never think about their co-applicants. The process of acting smart by noticing the co-applicants always lower your chance of being hired. Because the interviewer always notices your actions and identify whether you are really smart or you are trying to act smart.

As said before anyone can learn anything. Learning is always based on their knowledge and skills. Students who did not learn their textbooks have become a great person in their life. Similarly , Students who learn their textbooks have not achieved anything big in their life.

As mentioned in my previous writing Skills are always different from education. The students who gain the knowledge along with the skills correctly can achieve anything in their life. But when they did not learn it in correct manner like understanding but mug up can lead them to a state of not achieving.

As shown in the learning pyramid, when a student get their skills as mentioned above are named as a good learner with good skills and also good knowledge. Whenever a student clear his/her doubt at instant, then the individual can utilize their knowledge to any extent.

saturn’s moon Titan is drifting away hundred times faster than previously thought- NASA

Here is an image of the giant gas planet Saturn’s moon Titan orbiting around its planet.This natural color view was created by combining six images captured by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on May 6, 2012.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

Scientists of NASA revealed that Titan the largest moon of Saturn is moving away from the planet 100 times faster than previously believed.

Every moon – like ours which moves 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters) away from earth each year-moves a bit from its planet. As a moon orbits, its gravity pulls on the planet, causing a temporary bulge in the planet as it passes.

scientists thought that they knew the speed with which the titan is drifting away from the ringed planet.

But after the recent data collected by NASA’ s Cassini spacecraft, scientists discovered that Titan is moving away from the planet a hundred times faster than they thought, which is about 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year.

Cassini mission is a joint venture of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency), and the Italian space agency (ASI).

It is a robotic spacecraft, which was sent to study the mysterious Saturn, its complex rings, and the moon in detail.

The spacecraft carried a probe called Huygens which was parachuted on the surface of Titan in January 2005.

Since then Cassini has discovered a lot about the mysteries of the gas giant and its moon.

The second-largest planet in the solar system Saturn is the most complex and mysterious. This finding of the moon of the planet will help the scientists to know more about it.

While scientists know that Saturn formed 4.6 billion years ago in the early days of the solar system, but they are uncertain when the planet’s complex rings and its system of the moons formed.
Saturn has more than 80 moons.

Titan, One of the moons of Saturn is as interesting as its planet. With 150 known moons of our solar system, It is the only one with a substantial atmosphere.It is larger than the planet mercury.

The second-largest moon, after Ganymede in our solar system, Titan is the only place besides Earth known to have liquids in the form of rivers, lakes, and seas on its surface.

It is currently 759,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from Saturn.

The revised rate of its drift suggests that the moon started much closer to Saturn, which would mean the whole system expanded more quickly than previously believed.

“This result brings an important new piece of the puzzle for the highly debated question of the age of the Saturn system and how its moons formed,” said Valery Lainey, lead author of the work published June 8 in Nature Astronomy.

He researched as a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California before joining the Paris Observatory at PSL University.

This discovery of Titan’s rate of drift explains and predicts how planets affect their moon’s orbit.

For the past 50 years, scientists have applied the formula which was based on classical theories for every moon whether it is a small or a large one.

These theories assumed that the moons, which orbit farther from their host planet’s gravity like Titan migrated outward more slowly than the one which orbits in the close vicinity of their host planet.

“The new measurements imply that these kinds of planet-moon interactions can be more prominent than prior expectations and that they can apply to many systems, such as other planetary moon systems, exoplanets — those outside our solar system — and even binary star systems, where stars orbit each other,” said Fuller, a coauthor of the new paper.

To reach their results, the authors mapped stars in the background of Cassini images and tracked Titan’s position.

To confirm their findings, they compared them with an independent dataset: radio science data collected by Cassini. During ten close flybys between 2006 and 2016, the spacecraft sent radio waves to Earth.

Scientists studied how the signal’s frequency was changed by their interactions with their surroundings to estimate how Titan’s orbit evolved.

“By using two completely different datasets, we obtained results that are in full agreement, and also in agreement with Jim Fuller’s theory, which predicted a much faster migration of Titan,” said coauthor Paolo Tortora, of the Italy’s University of Bologna.

Tortora is a member of the Cassini Radio Science team and worked on the research with the support of the Italian Space Agency.

NASA-Possibility of the parallel world emerge, ANITA! BY sHUBHAM

In a significant turn of events NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), researchers discovered high energy particles erupting from ice in the Antarctic region. Researchers are of the view that these particles are proof of the possibility of the parallel world theory.

What is ANITA?
ANITA (Antarctic impulsive transient antenna) is a radio telescope designed by NASA to detect ultra high-frequency cosmic-ray neutrinos from a scientific balloon flying over Antarctica. ANITA is that the first NASA observatory for neutrinos of any kind.
The neutrinos have energies on the order of 1018 eV and are capable of producing radio pulses in the ice due to the Askaryan effect. Experts believed that high-energy cosmic neutrinos result from the interaction of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays(1020 eV) with the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This is the main reason why it was hoped that ANITA can help in explaining the origin of these cosmic rays
ANITA-I, launched from McMurdo, Antarctica in 2006 and ANITA-II, a modified version of ANITA-I with 40 antennas, was launched from McMurdo Station in 2008. The researchers then launched ANITA-III, which was equipped with systems to improve sensitivity by a factor of 5–10, in December 2014. ANITA-IV was launched in December 2016 with tunable notch filters and an improved trigger system.
As per reports, ANITA has made four flights of Antarctica continent and succeeded to detect numerous cosmic rays coming from the sky within the field of view of this experiment. These radio waves are created by cosmic ray air showers and are reflected off the ice before they reach ANITA.

Why Study Neutrinos?
Neutrinos interest astrophysicists a lot as they are the only particle that can reach earth unattenuated (not reduced, weakened, or lessened in amount) at all energies. This is particularly of interest at high energies where other particles and photon interacts with the photons of the microwave background disallowing them to propagate and survive over long astrophysical distances. It is said – if you want to see the ultra-high energy universe, you should view it through the “light” of neutrinos

What is the Askaryan Effect?
The Askaryan effect is that the phenomenon where a particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of sunshine during a dense dielectric medium (such as salt, ice) produces a shower of secondary charged particles which contain a charge anisotropy and therefore emits a cone of coherent radiation inform of radio or microwave. Generally speaking, it is based on the Cherenkov effect.
High energy processes such as Compton, Bhabha, and Moller scattering in correspondence to positron annihilation rapidly lead to about a 20%-30% negative charge asymmetry in the electron-photon part of a cascade. Since the dimensions of the clump of charged particles are small in comparison to the wavelength of the radio waves, the shower radiates coherent radio Cherenkov radiation whose power is proportional to the square of the net charge in the shower. The net charge in the shower is directly proportional to the primary energy so the radiated power scales quadratically with the shower energy,

A leading researcher stated that the phenomenon is “in strong contradiction with the standard model of physics” and it was recorded by NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA).
Earlier, findings were discarded terming them as glitches!
ANITA was successful in detecting the ‘fountain’ of high-energy particles in 2006 and 2014 as well but the researchers initially rejected the findings as background noise or glitches. Lead researcher and University of Hawai Physics Professor Peter Gorham reported that in 2016 the researchers conducted a closer inspection of the data and found phenomenon resembling an “upside-down cosmic-ray shower”.
Please read:-
• https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~jgl/nuastron.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askaryan_radiation

KITCHEN- REFLECTS YOUR STYLE

If you think that kitchen is just for cooking then you might be wrong because it is more than that, it is a area where we are automatically added up with new ideas, we share our thoughts or ideas with one another and laugh sometimes. For that I am there for you so that you can never get out from getting new ideas and to continue your fun. Today i came up with a luxury idea of a modern kitchen which will make you feel like you are in future. To make it so i have given “metallic finish” to the kitchen because metallic colour gives a 3d texture to every fitting in the kitchen and will make you feel like real. Everyone knows in the kitchen area we don’t have too much storage so as to keep large appliances like mixers, juicer and grinders and therefore for the solution of that i have made large sliding compartments which will hold any heavy appliance. Many a time we have seen that small jars of spices and pulses are kept here and there just like we see in clothes rack which makes your kitchen looks messy and outdated, for that we have the preference of “upper cabinets” and as well as the “floating shelves” so as to give make it both classic and modern. So as to give that area a bright and airy view we have used metallic cabinets and a soft creamy tile backsplash so as to give whelming view to the kitchen.

I have also try to give a funky finish to the room by adding a countertop space so as to make it both slim and storage by installing it. The other thought that strikes the mind is the bright lighting, for that we have used bright white led on the ceilings so as to provide a sassy lighting to every corner of kitchen. We are using led light strips on the lower ends of the upper cabinets so as to give a bright touch to the platform and make it marvellous. These U shaped kitchens are in trend because it gives more space on workstation to perform any task calmly. We have also tried to do some hidden colour, so why to keep it white if we can use different colour combination inside the cabinets. In modern kitchens we advice people to keep the windows so as to make an entrance of fresh air and to keep small pots so as to give it a nature touch but some does not like to keep the windows. We also used the “electrical chimneys” in the place of exhaust fans because the drawback of exhaust fan is that it is loud and due to excessive usage the oil patches starts to stick on it and becomes difficult to clean it away and will also give a dirty look to the kitchen, that is why we prefer electrical chimneys because they are easy to clean and function silently which gives a modern look to your kitchen


“If you organise your kitchen you will organise your life

Benefits of reading news online.

Benefits of reading news online by Debalina Mukherjee

‘Knowledge is power’ goes an old saying.In this competitive and busy world everyone needs to be up to date and completely aware of what’s going on around us and so reading news hase been an important part of everyone’s life. As a result of the advanced technologies people are now been able to read online news whichi is of great advantage. Gone are the days when people used to wait for their morning newspapers for knowing what is happening across the globe.
Reading online news has made our life easier.We get to know the exact current update within seconds and one does not have to wait for long. Moreover in online news we can make our preferences.. It is true that every individual on this earth is different and their choices vary.. One might like politics while the other likes to read about sports.. In case of online news, this preference can be taken care of.. Whatever we choose to read we can easily get access to that..We are already in an age where people hardly have time to sit at home and relax. Majority of the population remains outside of their house for almost 8-12 hours a day and for them online news is a blessing… It can be read anywhere and there is no such problem of carring extra papers.we can read online news on our laptops, tablets, mobiles. In other words online news makes the authentic news aavailable to lakhs of people within no time.
Online news also has economical benefits.While we need to buy newspapers, most of the online news are free and no extra money is required for reading. When all economists are concerned about our economic growth and environmentalists are worried about saving mother nature, reading news online opens a new gate for the digital India and saves nature since no extra paper is required in the process. Since the environmentalists are repeatedly asking to plant more tress and stop cutting them, e-news actually fits the box.. It can at least decrease the paper reauirement to some extend.
Simultaneously, when we read online news we actually get freedom from our geographical boundaries.. Not all regional language newspapers are available in every region or state..but online news can reach anywhere.. Sitting in one state one can get the news of another state written in anothee language very easily. This facility not only helps in making the news more accessible but it also creates employment in a way… It attracts new readers and gives opportunity to new talents to show show their skills online.. Thus demand and suppy remains balanced.
Again when we talk about aged people they at times face difficulties while reading normal newspapers due to their compromised eyesight and back pain.. But with online news they can easily zoom the words and read while lying on the bed or an armchair which further reduces their strain.Online news also provides them various additional links and suggested pages which gives them more detailed information about the topic.. Some people have a habit of collection data and for them preserving old newspapers becomes very tough at times but in case of online news one can easily download and save the information and can keep it for ages without any damage.
In conclusion I would like to say,that when we have to be absolutely aware of every single thing that is happening around us and be ready for any challenge that life gives us, online news brings the globe within our reach in true sense.

Next pandemic: Mental ILLNESS

Content – This article discusses rise in mental anxiety and depression during Lockdown and Government measure to reduce panic.

  • A survey – 61% Indians are experiencing mental illness related issues due to the uncertainty and financial crisis during the lockdown.
  • Cases of mental illness have risen by 20% since the country went into lockdown.
  • Negative impact of lockdown is heaviest on poor people, daily wages workers, slums and people out of the mainstream.
  • Depression, domestic violence, cases of divorce, suicidal are increased in pandemic due to mental illness.

Corona Virus pandemic has caused severe threats to the lives and the mental health of people.  In response to the problems posed by the pandemic, various public health strategies such as isolation of infected or at-risk persons, reduction of social contact, and simple hygiene like frequent hand wash, have been advised to reduce the risk of infection. Although isolation helps in achieving the goal of reducing infections, reduced access to family, friends, and other social support systems causes loneliness increasing mental issues like anxiety and depression.

Lockdown may be ending but a new pandemic is emerging. According to a survey by Indian Psychiatry Society, within a week of the start of the lockdown, the number of reported cases of mental illness in India had risen by 20%.India will suffer from a massive mental health crisis due to unemployment, alcohol abuse, economic hardship, domestic violence and indebtedness.

The lockdown applied to three main areas: physical movement out of the home, social distancing when outside the home, and restricted availability of most public services while sparing essential services. There was a sudden and drastic alteration in the daily routine, with many millions stranded in boarding houses and rental apartments, without work and far from home.

Lockdown effects on mental status of –

  • Students- shutting down of schools after lockdown announcement. As per the present situation, there is uncertainty when schools, colleges will reopen. This is the crucial time for education sector because of entrance exams of universities and competitive exams,this uncertainty has increased mental anxiety among students.
  • Unemployed people- This pandemic situation has increased burden on unemployed students who were in seek of placements and jobs. Due to high loss in economical conditions of the country, marketinh companies are in loss which leads more to uncertain conditions for hiring students.
  • Daily wage workers- During this lockdown, industries are also at its financial loss, they are unable to pay their workers which leads them to mental and living distress, anxiety among them.
  • Old and sick people- senior citizens during this lockdown has been effected a lot. Daily morning and evening walk, away from thier social circle has lead to both health and mental illness among them. People who are dealing with other chronic diseases like cancer, kidney related, etc are suffering in homes due to closure of OPD’s. This causes mental tension for survival in them.

Mental health is a crucial aspect that needs to be addressed during this lock-down as all modes of communication revolve around the virus.

The central government has taken measures in this regard and has ensured the seepage of rules and measures to both state and local administration.

  • There is a Government controlled website- https://www.mygov.in/covid-19/ provides all the necessary information related to the pandemic. This includes videos and readable material on the infection and the necessary measures to be undertaken.
  • Also, very essentially, and in relevance to the topic of this article, a toll-free helpline number “+91−80-45110007″ has been launched by the “National Institute of Mental Health and Neuri-Sciences” (NIMHANS), a Bengaluru based premier medical institution.

In conclusion, to overcome the challenges created by the Covid-19 pandemic, what we need more than anything else is our mental health. Let’s take good care of it.

World before corona and after!

COVID-19! Corona Virus Disease 2019! It is a widely spread disease which is harming the valuable lives of people. This disease is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. The symptoms of this disease include high fever, dry cough, tiredness, difficulty in breathing, chest pain.
Before this pandemic, our lives were going very smoothly, everything was perfect as it should be. We all were living our lives the fullest, students were dealing with their studies or were preparing for exams, fresher were exploring jobs, few were busy and focusing on their career, few were living their daily routine, and many more.
We’ve never seen such days when the whole country is locked, even our parents have never faced such scenario in their previous lives, and not even our grandparents have seen the whole World locked for so many days.
Life before Corona was so easy for us to live, we don’t have to wash our hands for several times in a day, there was no compulsion for wearing masks all time, we used to greet others by shaking a hand or by giving hug, we enjoyed the parties with our friends and family, went for outings, used to go for long drives and experiencing the cold wind, we used to go for dinner or lunch, there were a lot of things we did before this disease came.
Now, when we have to be aware and have to be safe, we are not supposed to do the things as we used to do. We can’t roam without wearing masks, can’t gather with lots of people.
All have seen many dreams for the day of their wedding; everyone wants to celebrate the day with all the friends, family and society. For a few more days, these dreams can’t be fulfilled as there is no fixed time when this problem will end.
Schools and Colleges are closed, studies are not on the track, no one knows when this all will be perfect as it was. Still, the teachers are making efforts every possible to teach their students.
As we all know, now the lockdown is over, but still, the problem is not yet solved. The positive cases are still increasing very rapidly, which is not good for anybody. We are allowed to go out, but not allowed to touch anything. We can celebrate, but only with few people. The things are changed, The ways of living are changed.

To get more information about the disease. Please go through this link.

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses#:~:text=symptoms

Ring of Fire: Mystery of the dark sky

Solar eclipse captured by a professional photographer.
An image of a solar eclipse captured on a camera.

Nature has hundreds, thousands, and many more of underlying mysteries unsolved. It has left us astonished, including the researchers, scientists, and even us, while endorsing the creation of the beautiful environment around us. Let us decode the riddle all about the ring of fire. Ring of fire may confuse you with the area in the Pacific Ocean, but here it’s about the solar solstice.

This year, you will observe one of the rarest eclipses, the ring of fire. But what is the solar solstice, you might have come across this term while you’ve studied environmental science in your childhood. The word originated from the Old French solstice and from the Latin sōlstitium where sōl means the Sun and sistō refers to stand still. The solstice happens two times every year in June and December when the Sun arrives at its one of the unique positions in the sky as we can see from the North Pole or the South Pole. Solar Eclipse, on the other hand, refers to when the Moon is directly between the Sun and the planet Earth, which usually occurs twice in a year and can go up to 5 of them in a year occasionally.

The most significant thing is that how do you observe this spectacular event. During this occasion, wearing proper eye protection is a must, or else it can cause retinal burns. Even a slight revelation to this light can destroy cells in the retina: vision, one of the essential senses through which we can watch the world around us through the brain, you cannot risk to lose it. We can use a pinhole projector, which can be your next science-related DIY project, as one of the methods to observe it properly. There are other methods like telescope attached with solar filters, or you can even watch them online when the various astronomical organisations broadcast it around the world.

We always had a desire to look into the Sun directly in the sky and go blank for a while, unable to see things for the next few minutes. But this opportunity allows us to see the Sun in its most enthralling form. On June 21, 2020, the first solar eclipse in the year full of events like the recent pandemic, which affected everyone directly and indirectly. Now when Mother Earth has been recovering to its fullest, this will be one of the most awaited moments of the year to capture and create some positive memories. You can check the path of the eclipse on the official NASA site mentioned below.

https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEgoogle/SEgoogle2001/SE2020Jun21Agoogle.html

Eclipses have occurred several times throughout the history of humanity. There are several myths which leads to a reason that some of us take it in a positive manner or vice-versa. In the end, it teaches us the fact that there is always a way to light after every darkness, no matter how deep or bad memories do you go through, there is still a way to recover from it. In the 21st century, where science and technology are advancing day by day, but watching out nature’s fantasies, is what still keeps us connected to the field of astronomy, history, and beliefs and can be a motivational factor for the growth of a positive character within you.

world’s largest vaccine manufacturer invests usd 100 million to develop potential Covid-19 vaccine

According to a company official of , the world’s largest producer of vaccines, the Serum Institute of India , is planning to invest USD 100 million on a potential vaccine for COVID-19,  being developed at Oxford University. The organization established in Pune, has collaborated with AstraZeneca, a British bio-pharmaceutical corporation mammoth, to ensure a stable supply to India and other low- and middle-income countries of the AZD1222 vaccines.

“Our manufacturing facility is ready and we plan to start production in two months. We are spending more than USD 100 million for this facility. Till the trials are completed successfully for safety and efficacy, vaccines will not be distributed either in India or anywhere else in the world,” Adar Poonawalla, Chief Executive Officer, Serum Institute of India (SII), said.

With high hopes the company is planning to mass produce up to a million units, and is planning to stockpile the same at personal risk. According to the company when it comes to determine how many units India is likely to get in the first phase, they commented that it might be too early too comment. “However, if the vaccine trials succeed, India will gain access to the doses as it will also be the requirement of the Government of India. And we are certain that everybody will respect if the substantial volumes go to India,” he added.

According to their website, Serum Institute of India was founded in 1966 by Dr. Cyrus Poonawalla with the aim of manufacturing life-saving immuno-biologicals, which were in shortage in the country and imported at high prices. Thereafter, several life-saving biologicals were manufactured at prices affordable, and now is the world’s largest vaccine manufacturer by number of doses produced and sold globally (more than 1.5 billion doses) which includes Polio vaccine as well as Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Hib, BCG, r-Hepatitis B, Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccines. It is estimated that about 65% of the children in the world receive at least one vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute. Vaccines manufactured by the Serum Institute are accredited by the World Health Organization, Geneva and are being used in around 170 countries across the globe in their national immunization programs, saving millions of lives throughout the world.

Serum Institute of India is ranked as India’s No. 1 biotechnology company, manufacturing highly specialized life saving biologicals like vaccines using cutting edge genetic and cell based technologies, antisera and other medical specialties.

Serum Institute of India also has plans and is working on developing a vaccine with USA based firm Codagenix, Poonawalla recently said that at present, the firm is undergoing pre-clinical trials (animal trial phase) and hope to progress to the human trial phase by September/October.

“The aim is to make the vaccine over the next 1.5-2 years to help combat the novel corona-virus. With the combined efforts of our partner Codagenix, we are optimistic that we will be able to provide a viable and effective vaccine for mass use,” Adar Poonawalla, Chief Executive Officer, Serum Institute of India (SII), said.

SII along with Oxford and Codagenix is also working with an Austria-based firm, Themis and two other promising candidates to develop an effective and affordable vaccine for COVID-19.At least half a dozen attempts to build a coronavirus vaccine are underway worldwide but the ones in Oxford are considered one of the most assuring and promising ones.   A vaccine will be a much needed intervention that can bring the loss of lives caused by the infections, to a complete halt.

Source:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/serum-institute-investing-usd-100-million-on-potential-covid-19-vaccine/articleshow/76288408