Tag Archives: Management Studies

Business and Management

PLANNING IN MANAGEMENT

Planning is deciding the objectives and methods to achieve them. Planning involves deciding in advance what is to be done, how is to be done, where is to do, how is to done and by whom is to be done and it makes things happen which may not occur otherwise and it bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go, the process of planning includes two things:

             1. Deciding objectives

             2. Choosing best from available alternatives

Planning is a fundamental managerial function planning implies an arrangement for doing something as considered in advance and simple words, planning is deciding in advance and Prof. Urwick rightly said: “Planning is fundamentally a mental predisposition to things in an orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Thus, a plan is a predetermined course of action and it is an attempt on the part of a manager to anticipate the future to achieve better performance, and planning is based on the principle, ‘Look before you leap’.

CONCEPT OF PLANNING

Planning requires goals and it focuses attention on purposes and determines ways achieving them and planning is necessarily a problem of choice and it involves the selection of the most feasible course of action from all available alternatives. Planning is a means of building a bridge to span the present position of the firm with its desired future position. It implies the work of both problems solving as well as decision-making. Man possesses a unique power of reasoning and he often evaluates the pros and cons before proceeding further into the matter.

NATURE OF PLANNING

1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives:

 Planning is to facilitate the attainment of objectives of the organization and planning focuses action on purposes. Planning is merely an empty mental exercise if it loses sight of the organizational objectives and every plan should contribute towards the achievement of company goals. Thus, all plans are directly linked with the goals and objectives of the enterprise and contribute to its attainment and if there are objectives, there is no need for any planning.

2. Planning is a primary function of Management

 Planning is a primary function of management and a manager must perform efficient and intelligent planning before performing any other managerial activities. Thus, planning comes before the execution of all other managerial functions. Planning function of management has the distinction of establishing objectives and all managerial efforts of organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling are directed towards their attainment.

3. Planning is pervasive  An element of planning can be seen behind every human activity in an organization and God has gifted man with the faculty of reasoning and this enables a person to measure the consequences of his planned actions and we can quote several examples where planning precedes individual or group action. Planning is a pervasive activity covering the entire enterprise will all its segments and every level of management. Top management does strategic planning, middle management looks after the administrative planning and the lower management concentrates on operational planning.

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Business and Management

HENRI FAYOL: THE FATHER OF MANAGEMENT

Henri Fayol is the universalist and he father of general management and Fayol developed the Theory of Management and he has given his opinion that managerial excellence is technical ability and can be acquired and he developed theories and principles of management which are universally accepted and made him a universalist. He was a pioneer of the formal education in management, Fayol’s principles of management meet the requirements of modern management, as such, he is rightly accepted as the “Father of General Management”.

Fayol’s long practical experience in the field of management is reflected in his written work and He did not develop a logical theory of management, nor evolved a philosophy that answered all questions and satisfied all doubts about its practicability and based on his own experience in the field, Fayol set forth 14 Principles of management and they are:

1. Division of Work

The division of work is applied to all kinds of work- technical as well as management and division of work also means specialization and division of work promoted efficiency.

2. Authority and Responsibility

Authority and responsibility go together and Fayol stressed that right and power to give orders should be balanced by the responsibility for performing necessary functions and according to Fayol “The result of authority is responsibility. It is the natural result of authority and essentially another aspect of authority and whenever authority is used, responsibility is automatically born”.

3. Discipline

According to Fayol, “Discipline is in essence obedience, application, energy, behavior and outward marks of respect observed following the standing agreements between the firm and its employees”. Agreements must be obeyed in totality, without any dissent and discipline is essential for the smooth running of the business.

4. Unity of Command

A subordinate should take orders from only one boss and Fayol claimed that if the unity of command is violated “Authority is undermined, discipline is endangered, order disturbed and stability threatened” if there are two or more superiors for an employee then confusion and conflict of interest arise and everyone has to make sure that this doesn’t happen.

5. Unity of direction

 Fayol advocates, “One head and One plan” for a group of activities having the same objectives, and this will create dedication of purpose and loyalty. Unity of direction for achieving unity of action in the pursuit of common objectives by a group of persons.

6.Subordination of Individual Interests to general Interests

This is a home truth and, in a family, the interests of its members should be subordinated to the interests of the family as a whole.

7. Remuneration to employees

Remuneration should to fair and adequate and it should be supported by both types of incentives- Financial as well as non-financial.

8.Centralization and Decentralisation

There should be one central point in the organization that exercises control over all the parts but the degree of centralization of authority should vary according to the needs of the situation.

9. Scalar Chain

The Scalar chain is a chain of supervisors from the highest to the lowest rank and this principle suggest that there should be a clear line of authority from top to bottom linking all managers at all level.

10. Principle of order

This principle applies to the arrangement of material and people and there should be a place for everything and everything should be in a place.

11. Principle of Equity

Kindness and justice should be exercised by management in dealing with their subordinates and this will infuse loyalty and devotion among the employees.

12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel

An employee with all the requisite abilities needs some time to gain specialization and stability is linked with a long tenure of personnel in the organization and efficiency is promoted by a stable workforce.

13. Principle of Initiative

The initiative is the power of thinking out a plan and ensuring its successful implementation. Initiative on the part of its employees can become a great source of strength, but it must not be against the established practice.

14.Esprit-de-corps

 It means the spirit of loyalty and revolution which unites the members of a group or society and Fayol said that there is strength in unity and the two enemies of sprit-de-corps are:

i. Divide and rule

ii. Abuse of written communication

Education

Profitability Determinants of Islamic Banking in Sri Lanka

Hiruni Nirmali, HongKong and Shanghai Banking Corporation,Colombo, Sri Lanka

&

Dr. R. P. C. R. Rajapakse[1]

Senior Lecturer, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka. 

Abstract

Amana Investments was established in 1997 as the first Islamic bank in Sri Lanka. Islamic Finance is Sharia compliant finance because and is based on the teachings in the Holy Quran and sacred scripture of the religion of Islam. The aim of this research is to provide an overview on the Islamic Finance Industry of Sri Lanka by identifying the factors that affect the profitability of the industry. The profitability of Islamic banks is measured by three dimensions, i.e. return on assets, and return on equity, earnings per share. Internal explanatory variables include bank size, gearing ratio, asset management, deposit ratio, non-performing loans ratio, asset composition, capital adequacy ratio and operating efficiency, whereas external explanatory variables include gross domestic product (GDP) and consumer price index (CPI). Since Islamic Banking is a relatively new industry within Sri Lanka, there is a high potential to make profits by considering the components of the ratios used as independent variables in the study. Although some components indicated to be profitable, the risk associated with those variables and the other factors such as liquidity and profitability also have to be considered. Results were similar to the other researches done for other countries

Key words: Islamic banking, Shairia, Murabaha, Mudarabah, Ijara,

JEL:G21,G23,N25

 

  1. Introduction

1.1 Islamic Banking in Sri Lanka

The history of Islamic banking sector in Sri Lanka extends back to 1997 where Amana Investments was established. The amendment of the Banking Act No. 30 of 1988 in 2005 to permit licensed commercial banks and licensed specialized banks to offer selected Islamic finance instruments was a major step towards encouraging Islamic banking in the country and today there are state banks and commercial banks practicing Islamic Banking. There are many other institutions including Islamic Micro Financiers offering Murabaha, Mudarabah, Ijara, Wakal, Musharaka, Diminishing Musharaka, Takaful etc. In order to pursue industrial development in the Islamic Banking sector, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka has given permission to open up a fully fledged Islamic Bank and also a fully fledged Islamic Fund.

Islamic Finance is regarded as Sharia compliant finance because it is developed based on the teachings in the Holy Quran and sacred scripture of the religion of Islam. Amana Bank is the first Sharia compliant bank in Sri Lanka under the local regulations and the only bank that operates with the requirements of the Sharia law. On the 29th July 2011, it has witnessed the official launch as a Central Bank Licensed Islamic Bank.. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad, AB Bank of Bangladesh and Islamic Development Bank of Saudi Arabia are three of the strategic stakeholders of Amana Bank PLC. Most of the other banks have established windows for the conduct of Islamic Banking which have created a healthy competition between the players.

 Murabaha and Mudarabah and Two Tier Mudarabah are most popular financial products offered. Researchers have found that the most common financial product in the Islamic Finance Industry in Sri Lanka is Mudarabah.  Musharakah is another product that is same as Mudarabah but only difference is that partnership finance would be used. In this, the bank and the customer would be jointly invest in funds and management capabilities in a particular project. Diminishing Musharakah is another product where the bank and the customer would own assets or capital under joint ownership with the mutual understanding that the customer will purchase the units of the asset at periodic intervals and at the end becomes the owner of the product. This is commonly used for the purchase of property, plant and equipment. Ijara is also a product that is coming under Islamic Finance which is basically about Sharia compliant leasing. This is very common in Sri Lanka.

  1. Literature Review

To measure a firm’s financial performance in terms of how effectively and efficiently the assets of the firm are utilized to generate revenues for the business, profitability measures play an important role. These assess the financial health of an organization and allow comparisons among companies as well as different sectors (Slaper and Hall, 2011). The main motive of an organization is to earn a profit for the betterment of the firm, which allows a firm to expand its activities and operations.

Profitability can be defined as the final measure of economic success achieved by a company in relation to the capital invested in it. Also this is considered as the excess amount over costs of a business. Profit and Profitability are two different measures, where profit is an absolute figure, while profitability is usually expressed as a ratio, explaining the rate of profit using a base measurement, for example, assets, investments or equity. Increase in profitability tends to achieve business success and hence the financial managers should focus on improving the profitability of the firm. (Uremadu and Enyi, 2012) Profitability ratios can be categorized as profitability on sales, and profitability on investment.

Considering the measures or the ratios employed to assess the profitability of a firm, the theoretical base and researches have suggested using Gross Operating Income Margin and Net Operating Income Margin as profitability measures on sales and Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Return on Investment (ROI) and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) as profitability measures on investment. However, there are also certain other measures used as proxies for firm profitability.

According to the study of profitability determinants of Islamic Banks in Pakistan by Ijaz et al. (2015) for the period of 2006 to 2013, Bank size, gearing ratio, operational efficiency, asset management, and capital adequacy ratios were used as independent variables along with ROA and ROE as dependent variables.

In the research of Kosmidou and Zopounidis (2008), ROA was used as the dependent variable in measuring the performance of Greek Banks for the period 1990-2002. The independent variables used are the cost to income ratio, the proportion of equity to total assets, the proportion of loans to customers and short term financing, the proportion of ratio of loan loss reserves to gross loans, the bank’s total assets accounting value (bank size), the annual change in GDP, inflation rate, growth of the money supply, stock market capitalization, and the proportion of ratio total assets of the deposit money banks divided by the GDP. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the bank’s profitability and bank size and the annual change in GDP and a negative relationship was found with inflation rate.

The study on Thailand Banking sector by Sufian and Habibullah (2009) aimed at analyzing the impact of internal and external factors on the profitability of the bank measures in terms of ROA and ROE considering the period from 1999-2005. The results showed that bank size, economic growth, and capitalization have positively impacted on the profitability while a negative impact was brought by the non-interest income, per capita GDP, credit risk and overhead costs.

Singh and Chaudhary (2009) have conducted a study for the period of 2001-2007 concerning the profitability determinants of Indian Banks. The results revealed that investments, per capita income, index of industrial production, wholesale price index, foreign exchange reserves, and exports were having a positive impact on profitability of banks in public, private and foreign sectors.

According to the study of ten commercial banks listed on Istanbul stock exchange conducted for the period of 2002-2010, a positive influence was found between the bank profitability and factors such as asset size and non-interest income on banks’ profitability and a negative relationship was found between the banks’ credit portfolio size and loans under follow-up. (Anber and Alper, 2011). The real interest rate as a macroeconomic variable was found to have a positive relationship too.

Flamini et al. (2009) have studied 389 banks of 41 Sub-Saharan African nations with considering different variables and concluded that a banks’ ROA is linked to the bank size. And also the macroeconomic variables such as regulations, market power, and systematic Risk are having an impact on the profitability. Further banks’ size, deposit ratios, and interest picking up ratios were found to be affecting the profitability of banks according to the study of 40 banks by Burki and Niazi (2010) for the period of 1991-2000.

A comparison of accounting profitability measures with economic factors was carried out by Olson and Zoubi (2011) for the period of 2000-2008 focusing on the Middle East and North African (MENA) regions and ROA and ROE were used as the accounting profitability measures. Bank size was found to reflect a positive relationship with the accounting profitability. Same accounting profitability measures were used by Ostadi and Monsef (2014) in their study of Iranian banks and have concluded that the bank size and bank concentration had more impact on the level of profitability among the bank deposits, bank size, bank capital, liquidity concerns, and keeping money prerequisites that were used as independent variables.

According to Nirmali& Rajapakse( 2016),there is a clear gap of research on Islamic Banking profitability for Sri Lanka. The relative newness of the industry and the lack of information availability would have caused this gap of knowledge which would be aimed to be bridged with the aid of this study. Islamic Finance Industry is a relatively new area to Sri Lanka. There is relatively less number of researches done.

3.    Significance of the study

The aim of this research is to provide an overview on the Islamic Finance Industry of Sri Lanka with the objective of identifying the factors that affect the profitability of the industry through an assessment of the quantitative factors. Promotion of Islamic Finance in a non Muslim country like Sri Lanka would be of great importance because of its ability to contribute to economic development. This is because of the ability of the emerging Islamic Finance Industry to contribute to the Sovereign Sukuk Market where foreign financing could be used as an alternative to the issue of Sovereign Bonds. The transition of Islamic finance into the mainstream global finance has created an opportunity for Sri Lanka to pursue funds for economic development. The findings are expected bring insights to the Finance Industry as a whole and also to the foreign investors to identify Sri Lanka as one of the potential success hubs for Islamic Finance.

4.    Research Problem and Questions

This study tries to assess factors that affect the profitability of Islamic banking industry in Sri Lanka measured in terms of Return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS) with considering internal and external factors such as Bank’s size, gearing ratio, non-performing loans (NPL) ratio, operational efficiency, asset composition, asset management, capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), and consumer price index (CPI). The question addressed here is whether the above mentioned factors have an association with the profitability of Islamic banking industry in Sri Lanka.

5.    Research Objectives

The main objective of this study is to test the profitability of Islamic banking industry in Sri Lanka.

The research question had been decomposed into objectives systematically as follows.

  • To examine the relationship between Return on assets (ROA) and Bank’s size, gearing ratio, non-performing loans (NPL) ratio, operational efficiency, asset composition, asset management, capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), and consumer price index (CPI).
  • To examine the relationship between return on equity (ROE) and the Bank’s size, gearing ratio, non-performing loans (NPL) ratio, operational efficiency, asset composition, asset management, capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), and consumer price index (CPI).
  • To examine the relationship between the earnings per share (EPS) and Bank’s size, gearing ratio, non-performing loans (NPL) ratio, operational efficiency, asset composition, asset management, capital adequacy ratio, deposit ratio, gross domestic product (GDP), and consumer price index (CPI).

  1. Methodology
    • Data

The profitability of Islamic banks is measured by three dimensions, i.e. return on assets, and return on equity, earnings per share. Internal explanatory variables include bank size, gearing ratio, asset management, deposit ratio, non-performing loans ratio, asset composition, capital adequacy ratio and operating efficiency, whereas external explanatory variables include gross domestic product (GDP) and consumer price index (CPI).This study is aimed at the analysis of profitability factors regarding Islamic Banking with considering Amana Takaful Bank PLC which is considered to be the only fully Sharia complying bank in Sri Lanka. It is a listed entity in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) and thus the required secondary data on internal variables are collected from the quarterly financial statements obtained from the Colombo Stock Exchange website. A total of 8 internal variables and 2 external variables are used for the research study on annual basis. The data on internal variables are collected from the World Bank website and the publications of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka. Since the bank was established in 2009, data were collected from the year 2011 until 2015 with covering twenty quarters.

Bank Specific Independent Variables

 

  • Bank Size: The total asset base of the bank is used to measure the size of the bank. The relationship between the profitability of an entity and its size measured in terms of total assets is regarded to be positive in most of the literature.

  • Gearing Ratio: The ratio of total liabilities to total equity of the bank is termed as the Gearing Ratio. High gearing will be a positive factor for profitability given that the distress conditions are not reached.

  • Asset Management: Asset management refers to the management of investments on behalf of the clients of the bank. It is represented by operating efficiency divided by total assets. It is obvious that if the investments are managed properly, it will positively impact on the profitability of the bank.

  • Deposit Ratio: Deposit ratio is given as the ratio of total deposits to total assets. This is another indicator of liquidity of the bank. Higher amount of deposits would ensure that the bank has more funds which may lead to more investments and loans and hence increase the profitability.

  • Non-Performing Loans: A non-performing loan is a loan that has been classified by the bank as default or close to default as per the criteria set in. It is measured as a ratio to the total value of the loans. High ratio means low profitability of the bank.

  • Asset Composition: Asset composition another measure of the liquidity of the assets that has been linked to loans. The impact of loans on the level of profitability is intended to be measured by incorporating this ratio into the model. It is explained by total liabilities (loans) divided by total assets.

  • Capital Adequacy Ratio: The relationship between total capital to risk weighted assets is measured by capital adequacy ratio. The ability of the bank to absorb risks generated to shareholders is measured by this ratio. Higher the ability to absorb the risks results in higher profitability.

  • Operating Efficiency: Higher the operating efficiency of the bank would result in higher profitability. It would be an indication of how efficiently the bank uses its assets by incurring costs in order to serve the customers and earn profits. It is calculated as operating expenses divided by total assets.

 

Macroeconomic Independent Variables

 

Gross Domestic Product: The annual GDP is taken for the study which means the total economic production within the boundaries of the country. Since the significance of the services within the total GDP is rising, it could be expected that the banking industry too contributing more to the total GDP. In a narrow sense, higher the GDP, higher would be the personnel income that would result in more deposits and demand for loans and hence result in bank’s profitability. In a broader sense, the factors like tax and others would have to be considered in order to arrive at a conclusion.

Consumer Price Index: Consumer Price Index refers to the Colombo Consumer Price Index in Sri Lanka where it could be measured as the weighted average of prices of a basket of goods and services for a definite time period.

Definitions and Notations of variables

ROA = Return on Assets Annual net income

Average total assets
ROE = Return on Equity Annual net income

Average total equity
EPS =Earnings per share Net income

Weighted Average No. of shares
SIZE = Size of the bank in terms of total assets Log of total assets
GR = Gearing Ratio Total liabilities

Total equity
NPL = Non Performing Loans Ratio Non-performing loans

Total loans
AC = Asset Composition Total liabilities

Total assets
AM = Asset Management Operating income

Total assets
OE = Operating Efficiency Operating expenses

Total assets
DR = Deposit Ratio Total Deposits

Total Assets
CA = Capital Adequacy Ratio Tier I + Tier II capital

Risk weighted assets
GDP = Gross Domestic Product Annual GPD
CPI = Consumer Price Index Annual CPI

3.2 Methodology

The Data collected will be studied for their nature and behavior using the descriptive statistics. The methodology aims at identifying the determinants of profitability of Islamic Banking, the independent variables involved in the study would be compared against the dependent variables as three separate models.  The Pearson’s correlation coefficient is calculated for the relevant variables for this purpose. The nature of relationship between each and every component would be tested in the study with the profitability would be identified and then the study would conclude the determinants of profitability of Islamic Banking in particular.

The methodology designed for identifying the determinants of profitability of Islamic Banking would lead to the achievement of the objectives of the proposed study. Further, the analysis of collected data would involve using statistical packages and also an incorporation of qualitative factors for increasing the effectiveness of interpretations.

  1. Analysis

4.1 Descriptive Statistics

The analysis of the descriptive statistics relevant to the variables considered in the study is being presented below. Descriptive statistics can be used as a measure to describe and discuss the general characteristics, providing an overview of a sample. Mean and Median values will be used as measures of Central-tendency and the standard deviation would be used to measure the dispersion of the sample. The volatility of the data would be measured through the standard deviation measure. A low standard deviation implies that the data lies close to the mean value.

When considering the ROA, taking 5 annual observations, the mean ROA had been -0.006 with a maximum of 0.010000 and a minimum of -0.020000. This shows the variation caused in ROA since the bank was incorporated. Most of the profitability indicators are having minus mean values. It means that the bank had been improving over the years since inception with indicating a growth.

The maximum and minimum values of the firm size had not been deviated very much over the five year period although there had been some level of improvement. The maximum and minimum values of Non Performing loans too are not deviated very much from the mean value and it is a very low amount compared to the other peers in the industry. The mean gearing ratio is also high with a high standard deviation of 1.601252 which means that the bank highly depends on debts compared to equity. Since the bank is in the growth stage of its life cycle with facing high level of business risk where it is earning slight profits and cash flows with competition from new entrants though it finds increasing sales growth rate, high level of financial risk seems to be too risky.

When considering the macroeconomic variables, the natural logarithm of GDP is having a maximum value of 29.97387 and a mean value close to it. The standard deviation is quite high indicating high volatility. In contrast, the natural logarithm of CPI has low volatility indicating a standard deviation of 0.076118.

  ROA ROE EPS SIZE GR NPL AM OE CA DR AC LNGDP LNCPI
 Mean -0.006000 -0.015017 -0.065091  10.39568  5.025209  0.011740  0.044703  0.045447  0.160905  0.797729  0.825180  29.76858  5.133377
 Median  0.000000 -0.015913 -0.064180  10.36918  4.443260  0.011040  0.045285  0.045132  0.207036  0.795727  0.816287  29.79138  5.159917
 Maximum  0.010000  0.047592  0.161711  10.68018  7.366668  0.017715  0.075005  0.059196  0.254639  0.837431  0.880478  29.97387  5.201347
 Minimum -0.020000 -0.077960 -0.326985  10.16306  3.622225  0.006948  0.012238  0.028557  0.003882  0.768579  0.783654  29.50946  5.020366
 Std. Dev.  0.013416  0.054177  0.213158  0.216308  1.601252  0.003943  0.022274  0.013778  0.099908  0.026443  0.042077  0.189028  0.076118
 Skewness -0.111111  0.005578 -0.090969  0.234001  0.584242  0.459309 -0.161060 -0.081535 -0.796098  0.505026  0.302381 -0.298234 -0.616533
 Kurtosis  1.398148  1.396876  1.411732  1.546486  1.777495  2.336682  2.480731  1.396477  2.196801  2.107932  1.480303  1.680124  1.857460
 Jarque-Bera  0.544857  0.535444  0.532437  0.485777  0.595807  0.267469  0.077792  0.541225  0.662545  0.378332  0.557337  0.437051  0.588719
 Probability  0.761528  0.765120  0.766272  0.784359  0.742373  0.874822  0.961851  0.762912  0.718010  0.827649  0.756791  0.803703  0.745009
 Sum -0.030000 -0.075086 -0.325453  51.97838  25.12605  0.058700  0.223516  0.227233  0.804527  3.988647  4.125900  148.8429  25.66688
 Sum Sq. Dev.  0.000720  0.011741  0.181746  0.187156  10.25604  6.22E-05  0.001985  0.000759  0.039926  0.002797  0.007082  0.142926  0.023176
 Observations  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5  5

4.3 Correlation Analysis

The purpose of the Pearson’s correlation analysis is to understand the relationship between the profitability determinants used in the study as independent variables and the profitability measures that are incorporated into the model as dependent variables.

Correlations
  ROA ROE EPS SIZE GR NPL AC AM OE DR CA GDP CPI
ROA Pearson Correlation 1 .960** .942* .383 .605 -.570 .669 .816 .309 .532 -.633 .436 .409
Sig. (2-tailed)   .010 .017 .524 .280 .316 .217 .092 .612 .356 .252 .463 .494
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
ROE Pearson Correlation .960** 1 .996** .284 .606 -.759 .662 .662 .089 .488 -.542 .292 .219
Sig. (2-tailed) .010   .000 .644 .278 .137 .224 .224 .887 .404 .346 .633 .724
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
EPS Pearson Correlation .942* .996** 1 .323 .657 -.807 .708 .599 .005 .521 -.573 .317 .228
Sig. (2-tailed) .017 .000   .596 .229 .099 .181 .286 .994 .367 .313 .603 .712
N 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

 

The overall results of the correlation analysis show that the relationship between the independent variables and the profitability measures show the same results. The profitability indicators of the bank ROA, ROE and EPS are positively correlated with the size measured in terms of the assets of the bank in the particular years. This shows that the increase in the asset base of the bank contributes to the profitability of the bank.

The Gearing Ratio is positively correlated with the ROA. Since the significance level is greater than 0.025, the results could be confirmed to be significant. It could be concluded that the increase in debt component with compared to the equity in the capital structure results in more performance results or profits. But the gearing ratio is very high with compared to the industry norms and given that the bank operates in a relatively new industry within Sri Lanka and it is in the growth stage, the level of business risk is very high. Therefore the financial risk has to be low whereas the bank has a high level of gearing which is risky.

The NPLs have a negative correlation with the ROA, ROE and EPS. That is, the increase in the level of NPLs result in reducing the profitability measured in terms of ROE, ROE and EPS. Loans are one of the most contributing sources of the total interest income of the bank. The amount of NPLs in Amana Bank is very low compared to the industry norms which is a positive aspect.

When considering the Asset Composition (AC), it is positively correlated to the profitability of Islamic Banking in terms of ROA, ROE and EPS. Loans bring in interest income to the bank and hence the increase in loans in the asset portfolio of the bank would result in more interest income and thus more profits. Asset Management (AM) is also positively correlated to the profitability of Islamic Banking. Therefore it is clear that the management of investments on behalf of the clients of the bank would result in investor confidence, high returns, increased customer foot fall and thereby increase profitability.

When considering the Operating Efficiency (OE), it shows positive correlation to the profitability. The variable is highly correlated to the ROA and then to the ROE and EPS respectively. This shows the incurring of expenses for the day to day functioning of the bank with the purpose of serving the customers in the best possible manner would result in more profitability. This would be derived from the increased level of customer satisfaction due to the facilities and service enjoyed by the customers.

The deposit ratio is a key aspect in determining the profitability of Islamic Banking as savings are the primary income earning product of the bank. Deposits act as a source of making investments with which the bank would earn returns. Therefore when the amount of deposits increase within the total assets of the bank, there will be more investments and hence profitability ensured.

The capital adequacy is negatively correlated with the profitability measured in terms of ROA, ROE and EPS. It shows the ability of the bank to absorb risks generated to shareholders. Risk weighted assets had been increasing at a faster phase when compared to the total capital. Therefore the capital adequacy ratio reduced over the latter part of the period concerned. Profitability ratios had also shown mixed results. Therefore without taking the whole picture, as far as the individual data points are concerned, there could be seen a clear negative relationship between the capital adequacy ratio and the profitability measures as indicated below. The highest impact is generated upon the EPS. When the capital adequacy ratio changes to a specific direction, the EPS moves the opposite direction at a faster rate.

GDP also has a positive relationship to the bank’s profitability. It could be inferred that when the total national income rises as shown by the GDP, there will be more purchasing power and thus more ability to save. Therefore the banks would get more funds from customers or making investments and as well, there would be more investment opportunities in the economy.

When considering the CPI, the increase in CPI brings in positive correlation with the ROA, ROE and EPS. Inflation is caused by an increased movement of the CPI. In an Inflationary situation, the returns on investments too increase. Hence it could be concluded that the bank earns more returns in nominal terms.

  1. Conclusion

This study has aimed at the analysis of determinants of profitability with regard to Islamic Banking in Sri Lanka. The Amana Bank was chosen for the study which is considered to be the only fully Sharia complying bank in the country. The profitability measures considered in the study were separated as bank specific and macroeconomic variables. The macroeconomic variables are the nominal GDP and the Consumer Price Index whereas the bank specific factors are the Gearing Ratio, Asset Management, Asset Composition, Deposit Ratio, Non Performing Loans Ratio, Operating Efficiency, Capital Adequacy Ratio, and Size of the bank. Annual data on the components of the ratios were collected since the bank’s inception: hence for the period between 2011-2015.

The results were the same as for all of the profitability measures with regard to the determinants considered as independent variables in the study. Out of the bank specific factors, the Gearing Ratio, Asset Management, Asset Composition, Operating Efficiency, Deposit Ratio and Size of the bank shows positive relationship with the level of profitability of Islamic Banking whereas the Non Performing Loans Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio shows negative relationship to the profitability of the bank. According to theory, the Capital Adequacy shows the ability of the bank to absorb the risks and hence the findings seem to be contradictory to the theory. But the theory was justified when the individual data were analyzed. Both of the macroeconomic variables considered in the study; GDP and CPI shows positive relationship with the level of bank profitability.

The research provides insights to the entire banking industry on the components of bank profitability. Since Islamic Banking is a relatively new industry within Sri Lanka, there is a high potential to make profits by considering the components of the ratios used as independent variables in the study. Although some components indicated to be profitable, the risk associated with those variables and the other factors such as liquidity, profitability also have to be considered.

Results were conforming to the other researches done in other countries whereas with regard to Sri Lanka, Islamic Finance Industry is relatively a new area. The inadequacy of data due to the fact that Islamic Banking was established very recently made a limitation to the study. And also this research focuses only on Amana Takaful Bank PLC which is considered to be the leader in Islamic Finance Industry by being the only organization wholly based purely on the Islamic Finance concept. But when considering the island wide performance, there are many financial institutions which are into both commercial banking and also Islamic banking. There are also village societies among the Muslim community where the same principles of Islamic Finance are being applied. These societies or organizations are most of the time reluctant to disclose information and thus considering the availability of information, the listed bank has been selected for this research.

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[1] Corresponding Author

Research Paper

A Study on Effectiveness of Digital Marketing amongst Students of Jaipur City

Dr Jyotsana Khandelwal

Sr.Co-ordinator School of Business &Mgmt, Jaipur National University,Jaipur

ABSTRACT

Digital Marketing is the contemporary aspect of marketing .With the advent of technology, consumers has become more tech-savvy and smart phones made them easy access to internet. Now, any information is needed by the consumers, they look upon by clicking of the internet. Hence, marketers started using this platform to provide information about their products, services and ideas popularly known as Digital Marketing. The main objective of digital marketing is to attract customers and allowing them to understand the features of the brands through digital media.

This paper discusses various advertising tools available for digital marketing, and popularity effectiveness of digital marketing among students. The sample of 50 students randomly selected to analyze the reasons for growing popularity and effectiveness of digital marketing as compared to traditional tools of marketing.

INTRODUCTION

Digital Marketing is the contemporary aspect of marketing .With the advent of technology, consumers has become more tech-savvy and smart phones made them easy access to internet. Now, any information is needed by the consumers, they look upon by clicking of the internet. Hence, marketers started using this platform to provide information about their products, services and ideas popularly known as Digital Marketing. Digital marketing, electronic marketing, e-marketing and Internet marketing are all related terms which, purely put, refer to “marketing online whether via websites, online ads, opt-in emails, interactive kiosks, interactive TV or mobiles” (Chaffey & Smith, 2008).

Digital Marketing implies a set of influential tools and methodologies used for promoting products and services through internet. It includes an extensive range of marketing tools than traditional business marketing due to the extra channels and marketing mechanisms available on the internet.

It uses internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers. Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) define Digital Marketing as ―a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which facilitates the creation and exchange of user-generated content. It consists of different Internet applications such as blogs, social networking sites, content communities, collaborative projects, virtual game worlds and social worlds.

 It includes email marketing, search engine marketing, social media marketing, many types of display advertising (including web banner advertising), and mobile advertising.

In India the internet has become powerful can be understand with the survey conducted –Internet users in India 2015 survey conducted by Internet and Mobile Association of India and MRB International.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Mohan Nair (2011) takes social media as a complex marriage of sociology and technology that cannot be underestimated in its impact to an organization marketing communication, choice as to when to engage, how to manage and measure, and whether to lead or to follow is complex but not an impossible task. These cannot be answered simply by one formula because the context and the market dynamics are strong variables in these decisions.

Foux (2006) suggests Social media is perceived by customers as a more trustworthy source of information regarding products and services than communication generated by organizations transmitted via the traditional elements of the promotion mix.

Russell S. Winer (2009) affirms that many companies today are using some or all of the new media to develop targeted campaigns that reach specific segments and engage their customers to a much greater extent than traditional media.

Jerry Ihejirika (2009) believes that Marketing on the internet have become the best and most widely accepted form of global communication. Internet marketing communication consists of the global sharing of ideas, concepts, and information about products and services.

OBJECTIVES

  1. To understand the reasons for increasing popularity of digital marketing amongst students.
  2. To know the awareness about the various tools of digital marketing
  3. To analyze the effectiveness and problems of digital marketing vis-a-vis to traditional marketing tools.

 

 

 

 

RESEARCH DESIGN

Methodology: The present research work is of marketing investigation which is based on exploratory and descriptive research design.

 Sample Design

  1. Universe: As the focus of the study revolves around the students of the Jaipur City, so the Universe for the same would be students studying in the colleges (both government and private) and universities in the City of Jaipur.
  2. Sample Unit: The sample unit will be 4 colleges (both government and private) and universities. The selection of these colleges/Universities is based on a pilot survey which revealed that the colleges and Universities in the city would be appropriate for the study to be conducted.
  3. Sample Size: This research study will be based on the views of 50 students studying in the colleges (both government and private) and universities in the City of Jaipur.
  4. Sampling Type: The sample for the research would be collected through non-probabilistic sampling, precisely through convenient sampling method.

Data Collection: The data for the study would be collected from the following sources:

  1. Primary Source: As it is known that primary data is the first hand information that is collected in order to make the study complete. Thus, the primary data for this research study will be collected through a Structured Questionnaire to be filled by the college/university students and observation.
  2. Secondary Source: It will be collected through books, Journals and articles.

Analytical and Statistical Tools: The data so collected with the help of the questionnaire will be tested with the help of MS-Excel, Averages, pie charts and graphs. Selection of the type of tests will depend on the type of data that would be collected through the questionnaire.

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE STUDY

Demographic Profile of the Sample:

Survey was conducted in the city of Jaipur. Sample of 50 respondents was selected for survey. The questionnaire included students as a classification of their demographic factors such as gender, age & education. During data collection phase, due care was taken in order to make sure that the given questionnaire is completely filled by the respondents.

The detailed respondent profile is as follows:

DETAILS NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
GENDER
MALE 30 60%
FEMALE 20 40%
EDUCATION
UNDERGRADUATION 35 70%
POST-GRADUATION 10 20%
M-PHIL/ 5 10%
TOTAL 50 100%
AGE
18-20 35 70%
20-22 10 20%
22&ABOVE 5 10%
TOTAL 50 100%

Table 1- Demographic profile of the respondents

As seen in table no.1, Out of 50 respondents – 30 students are male, and 20 are females. The education profile is 35 are undergraduate, 10 are post graduate and 5 are Phil or PhD. The age of the sample is 35students in the age of 18 to 22, 10 students in the age of 20 to 22 and rest 5 in 22&above.

Statement 1 – Understand the reasons for increasing popularity of digital marketing amongst students

 

Seek of Information NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Multiple Source 40 80%
Single Source 10 20%
TOTAL 50 100%

Table 2- Seeking Information from various sources

As seen in table no.2, Out of 50 respondents-40 (80%) respondents seeks information from multiple sources before making a buying decision and rest 10 (20%) respondents rely on one source before making a buying decision

 

Sources of Information NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Traditional 15 30%
Digital 35 70%
TOTAL 50 100%

Table 3- Seeking Information from various sources

As seen in table no.3, Out of 50 respondents-15 (30%) respondents seeks information from traditional sources like newspaper, TV ,Pamphlets neighbors etc before making a buying decision and rest 35(70%) respondents rely on digital  source like online and mobile advertisement of information before making a buying decision.

 

Frequency of using Internet NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
Low 0 0%
Medium 5 10%
High 45 90%
TOTAL 50 100%

Table 4- Frequency of using internet

As seen in table no.4, Out of 50 respondents-the youngsters preferred to use internet on a medium (10%) to high frequency (90%) basis on internet and no students fall in category of low internet usage.

Conclusion – This shows that students of today generation prefer to use internet on high frequency and look for information on multiple sources that too through digital medium of information. Hence, it proves that the because of high access to internet amongst students, the concept of being digital and digital marketing is popular.


Statement 2-The awareness about the various tools of digital marketing

 

  NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Tools Yes No Can’t Say Total
  Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %  
E-Mail Marketing 37 74 13 26 0 0 50
Social Media 45 90 3 6 2 4 50
Affiliate marketing 33 66 10 20 7 14 50
Search Engine Optimization 25 50 13 26 12 24 50
Display Ad 30 60 2 4 18 36 50
Pop-Up 37 74 3 6 10 20 50
Web Banner Advertising 20 40 5 10 25 50 50

Table 5- Awareness about the various tools of digital marketing

As seen in the table above, it was been asked from the students that whether or not they know about the various tools of digital marketing and it was discovered that maximum students know about social marketing followed by e-mail and pop up and so on.

Conclusion-It can be concluded that the students of the sample selected are well versed about the various tools of digital marketing

 

Statement 3 The effectiveness and problems of digital marketing vis-a-vis to traditional marketing tools

  NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS
Factors Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Total
  Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %  
Easy 38 76 5 10 5 10 2 4 0 0 50
Time Saving 32 64 12 24 3 6 2 4 1 2 50
Low Cost 25 50 10 20 5 10 6 12 4 8 50
Interactive 15 30 5 10 10 20 15 30 5 10 50
Up gradation 10 20 13 26 12 24 10 20 5 10 50
Exclusive Content 5 10 10 20 10 20 15 30 10 20 50
Fun & Entt 2 4 11 22 12 24 10 20 15 30 50

Table 7- Reasons for effectiveness of various tools of digital marketing

As seen in the table above, it was been asked from the students that Reasons for effectiveness of various tools of digital marketing  and it was found that students considered  digital marketing is the easiest mode of gathering  information  followed by time saving and low cost and so on.

 Preference NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Percentage
E-Mail Marketing 10 20%
Social Media 30 60%
Affiliate marketing 5 10%
Search Engine Optimization 1 2%
Display Ad 1 2%
Pop-Up 1 2%
Web Banner Advterising 2 4%
Total 50 100%

Table 8 –Preference of various tools of digital marketing

As seen in the table above, it was been asked from the students that preference  of various tools of digital marketing  and it was found that students considered  social media marketing is the most preferred form of digital marketing followed by e-mail marketing , affiliate marketing and so on.

Statement 4- Problems of various tools of digital marketing

Problems NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Percentage
Suspectible 18 36%
Fraud 20 40%
Interrupting 3 6%
Privacy issue 5 10%
Lack of demonstration 4 8%
Total 50 100%

   Table 9 –Problems of various tools of digital marketing

As seen in the table above, it was been asked from the students that problems of digital marketing  and it was found that students considered  fraud as one of the biggest problem followed by susceptible and so on.

Limitations of the study

The study is limited to Jaipur students only with limited colleges

Future scope of the study

The study could be extended; so as to cover all the states of India as the researcher believes that consumer buying behavior w.r.t online marketing may be at the variance in different states.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the students of the sample selected found digital marketing as the effective mechanism of marketing due to various benefits provided by digital marketing, also youngster’s preferred marketing activity while being on social media through social marketing despite the problem of fraud and suspicion involved.

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