Category: Education

Startup

A startup is a young company founded by one or more entrepreneurs to develop a unique product or service and bring it to market. By its nature, the typical startup tends to be a shoestring operation, with initial funding from the founders or their friends and families.

A startup is an entrepreneurial venture in search of enough financial backing to get off the ground.

The first challenge for a startup is to prove the validity of the concept to potential lenders and investors.

Startups are always risky propositions but potential investors have several approaches to determining their value.

COMPOSITION AND JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT IN INDIA

Brief History of the Supreme Court of India

The promulgation of Regulating Act of 1773 established the Supreme Court of Judicature at Calcutta as a Court of Record, with full power & authority. It was established to hear and determine all complaints for any crimes and also to entertain, hear and determine any suits or actions in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Supreme Courts at Madras and Bombay were established by King George – III in 1800 and 1823 respectively. The India High Courts Act 1861 created High Courts for various provinces and abolished Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the Sadar Adalats in Presidency towns. These High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935.The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against Judgements from High Courts .After India attained independence in 1947, the Constitution of India came into being on 26 January 1950. The Supreme Court of India also came into existence and its first sitting was held on 28 January 1950.The law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all Courts within the territory of India.It has the power of judicial review – to strike down the legislative and executive action contrary to the provisions and the scheme of the constitution, the distribution of power between Union and States or inimical to the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution.

The entire judicature has been divided into three tiers. At the top, there is a Supreme Court below it is High Court and the lowest rank is occupied by Session’s Court.

The Supreme Court is the highest court of law. The Constitution says that the law declared by the Supreme Court shall be binding on all small courts within the territory of India. Supreme Court was designed to make it the final authority in the interpretation of the Constitution.

While framing the judicial provisions, the Constituent Assembly gave a great deal of attention to such issues as the independence of the courts the powers of the Supreme Court and the issue of judicial review.

Composition:

Parliament has the power to make laws regulating the constitution, organisation of the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court. The number of judges can be increased as well as decreased by Parliament. Originally there was a provision in the Constitution that there will be Chief Justice and seven other judges. This number (7) was raised to 10 in 1956, 13 in 1960, 17 in 1977 and 25 in 1985 (Article 124).

Appointment of Judges:

The President is the appointing authority in the case of judges of the Supreme Court. Article 124(a). While making appointment of the Chief Justice of India, he may consult such of the judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Court’s as he might consider necessary.

While making appointment of other judges of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice shall always be consulted (Article 124(i)). In addition to regular judges, if the President feels that the work load is heavy, he can appoint ad hoc judges as well. He is also empowered to invite retired judges to attend the meeting of the court.

Acting Chief Justice

The President can appoint a judge of the Supreme Court as an acting Chief Justice of India when:
-the office of Chief Justice of India is vacant; or

-the Chief Justice of India is temporarily absent; or

-the Chief Justice of India is unable to perform the duties of his office

Qualification of Judges:

To eliminate politics in the appointment of judges, high minimum qualifications have been prescribed.

A person shall not be qualified for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court unless he is (a) a citizen of India and (b) either a distinguished jurist; or has been a High Court Judge for at least 5 years or has been an Advocate of a high Court (or two or more such Courts in succession) for at least 10 years ‘Art. 124 (3).

Tenure of Judges:

No minimum age is prescribed for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court, nor any fixed period of office. Once appointed, a Judge of the Supreme Court may cease to be so on the happen­ing of any one of the following contingencies; (other than death) (a) on attaining the age of 65 years; (b) on resigning his office by writing addressed to the President; (c) on being removed by the Presi­dent upon an address to that effect being passed by a special majority of each House of Parliament viz. a majority of the total membership of that House and by majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting. The only grounds upon which such removal may take place are (1) ‘proved misbehaviour’ and (2) ‘incapacity’.The age of the Judge of the Supreme Court shall be determined by such authority and in such a manner as Parliament may by law provide. This provision was inserted by Fifteenth Amendment Act 963.

Salaries and Emoluments:

A judge of the Supreme Court gets a salary of Rs. 30,000 per month and the use of an official residence free of rent. The salary of the Chief Justice is Rs. 33,000 per month. (According to the 1998 revision).

Independence of Judges:

Independence of Supreme Court Judge Ensured:

The independence of the Judges of the Su­preme Court is sought to be secured by the Constitution in a number of ways:

(i) Though the appointing authority is the President, acting with the advice of his Council of Minis­ters, the appointment of a Supreme Court Judge has been removed from area of pure politics by requiring the President to consult the Chief Justice of India in the matter.

(ii) By laying down that a Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed by the President, except by a difficult process on ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity of the Judge in question [Article 124 (4)].

(iii) By fixing the salaries of the Judges by the Constitution and providing that though the allowances, leave and pension may be determined by law made by Parliament, these shall not be varied to the disadvantage of a Judge during his term of office [Art. 125 (2)]. But it will be competent for the President to override this guarantee, under a proclamation of ‘Financial Emergency, [Art. 360 (4) (b)].

(iv) By providing that the administrative expenses of the Supreme Court, the salaries and allow­ances, etc., of the Judges as well as of the staff of the Supreme Court shall be ‘charged upon the revenues of India’ i.e., shall not be subject to vote in Parliament [Article 146 (3)].

(v) By forbidding the discussion of the conduct of a Judge of the Supreme Court (or of a High Court) in Parliament, except upon a motion for an address to the President for the removal of the Judge (Article 121).

(vi) By laying down that after retirement, a Judge of the Supreme Court shall not plead or act in any Court or before any authority within the territory of India [Article 124 (7)].

Ad hoc Judges:

Article 127 provides if at any time there is no quorum of the Judges available in the Court to hold and continue any session of the court the chief justice of India may, with the previous consent of the President and after the consultation of the Chief Justice of the High Court concerned, request a Judge of the High Court to act as ad hoc Judge in the Supreme Court for such period as may be necessary.

Removal of Judges

A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office by an order of the President. The President can issue the removal order only after an address by Parliament has been presented to him in the same session for such removal.The address must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament (ie, a majority of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting). The grounds of removal are two—proved misbehaviour or incapacity.The Judges Enquiry Act (1968) regulates the procedure relating to the removal of a judge of the Supreme Court by the process of impeachment:
No judge of the Supreme Court has been impeached so far. Impeachment motions of Justice V Ramaswami (1991–1993) and the Justice Dipak Misra (2017-18) were defeated in the Parliament.

Jurisdiction:

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is of three kinds—Original, Appellate and Advisory—apart from the jurisdiction to issue the writs to enforce the fundamental rights.

(a) Original Jurisdiction:

Art. 131 deals with original jurisdiction. By original jurisdiction we mean the authority to hear and determine a case in the first instance. It has exclusive jurisdiction to hear a case which cannot be heard or determined by another court. The Supreme Court in its original jurisdiction will not be entitled to entertain any suit where both parties are not units of the federa­tion.

Thus a suit brought by a private individual against the State will not come under this jurisdic­tion. Again international treaties etc. are outside the original jurisdiction. In a federal polity the powers between the Union and the State Governments are delimited and demarcated and, ac­cordingly, it necessitates the presence of an independent judicial authority empowered to interpret the Constitution and secure the rights of the federation and the federating units.

The Constitution vests the Supreme Court with original and exclusive jurisdiction in any dispute; (a) between the Union Government and one or more States; or (b) between the Union Government and any State or States on one side and one or more States on the other; or (c) between two or more Stats, if the dispute involves any question of law or fact on which the existence or extent of a legal right depends.

The Constitution excludes from the original jurisdiction disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or river valley referred to a special statutory tribunal, matters referred to the Finance Com­mission, adjustment of certain expenses between the Union and the States.

Again, one class of disputes, though of a federal nature, is excluded from this original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, namely, a dispute arising out of any treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement; ‘sanad’ or other similar instrument which, having been entered into or executed before the commencement of the Constitution continues in operation after such commencement or which provides that the said jurisdiction shall not extend to such a dispute. But these disputes may be referred by the President to the Supreme Court or its advisory opinion.

(b) Appellate Jurisdiction:

As a court of appeal, the Supreme Court is the final appellate tribunal of the land. There can be two types of cases—criminal, in which some criminal activities are involved and civil, in which there may be disputes regarding property, etc.

The appellate jurisdic­tion of the Supreme Court may be further divided under three heads:

(1) Article 132 of the Consti­tution provides for an appeal to the Supreme Court from any judgement or final order of a court in civil, criminal or other proceedings of a High Court, if it involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. The appeal again depends upon whether the High Court certifies and if does not, the Supreme Court may grant special leave to appeal cases involving interpretation of the Constitution;

(2) Article 133 of the Constitution provides that an appeal in civil cases lies to the Supreme Court from any judgement order or civil proceedings of a high court. This appeal may be made if the case involves a substantial question of law of general importance or if in the opinion of High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court i.e. civil cases irrespective of any constitutional question;

(3) Article 134 provides the Supreme Court with appellate jurisdiction in criminal matters from any Judgement, final order or sentence of a High court, i.e. criminal cases, irrespective of any constitutional question.

Appeals can be made to the Supreme Court only by special leave of that court but if a particular case involves a substantive question of law as to the interpretation of the constitution, an appeal can also be made to the Supreme Court if the High Court concerned has certified that such a question is involved.

The Supreme Court can, however, take up the case even if the High Court has refused to grant such a certificate, if it is satisfied that a substantive question of law as to the interpreta­tion of the Constitution is involved in the case.

In all other cases, where constitutional questions are not involved, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court only if the High Court has certified that (a) the case involves a substantive question of law, and (b) in the opinion of the High Court, the said question should be decided by the Supreme Court.

So far as the criminal cases are concerned, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court against any judgment, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court as of right concerning specified classes of cases:

(a) In case the High Court has, on appeal against the decision of a lower court, reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death, or (b) in case the High Court has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted an accused and sen­tenced him to death.

These two exceptions make it very clear that in cases relating to a sentence of death by the High Court, an appeal can always be made to the Supreme Court. In other criminal cases, where a sentence of death is not involved, an appeal can be made to the Supreme Court only on the basis of the High Court certifying that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court.

Parliament has the right to make laws if it so desires, conferring on the Supreme Court further powers to her appeal on criminal matters. The Supreme Court, however, has been vested by the Constitution with powers to interfere in the decisions not only of the High Court but also of any other court or tribunal within the territory of India.

“Notwithstanding anything in this Chapter”, says Article 131(1), the Supreme Court may in its discretion grant special leave to appeal from any judgement, decree, determination, sentence or order in any case or matter passed or made by any court or a tribunal in the territory of India.” These are, indeed, wide powers.

The Supreme Court under these powers can entertain and hear appeals by granting special leave against any kind of judgement of order made by any court or tribunal in any proceeding and the exercise of this power is left entirely to the discretion of the Supreme Court.

No restrictions can be binding on the Supreme Court so far as these powers are concerned excepting that it has been deterred by the Constitution to interfere with decisions of a military tribunal and this power cannot be cur­tailed by any legislation unless Article 136 itself as amended by Parliament.

(c) Advisory Jurisdiction:

The President may under Article 143(1) make a reference to the Su­preme Court for its consideration and opinion for any question of law or fact which is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the Court’s opinion on it.

The President may refer such a question not only where it has actually arisen but also where it appears to the President that it is likely to arise. The President can, accordingly, refer to the Supreme Courts the question whether a proposed Bill will be intra Vires of the Constitution. Such references are heard by a Bench consisting of a least five Judges and the Court follows the procedure of a regular dispute that comes before it.

The opinion of the Court is pronounced in open Court. It may not be a unanimous opinion and the dissenting Judges can give their separate opinion. But the opinion of the Supreme Court is not binding on the President as it is not of the nature of a judicial pronouncement. It is also not obligatory on the Supreme Court to give its opinion; it may or may not.

Under Clause (2) of Article 143 the President may refer to the Supreme Court for its opinion on disputes arising out of any treaty, agreement, etc, which had been entered into or executed before the commencement of the Constitution. In the case of such references, it is obligatory for the Supreme Court to give its opinion to the President.

Technically, no court in India is bound by the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court but such opinions are always respected by the courts.

(d) Writ Jurisdiction:

The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to entertain an application under Art. 32 for the issue of a constitutional writ for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights are sometimes treated as an ‘original’ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It is no doubt original in the sense that the party aggrieved has the right to directly move the Supreme Court by presenting a petition, instead of coming through a High Court by way of appeal.

Nevertheless, it should be treated as a separate jurisdiction since the dispute in such cases is not between the units of the Union but an aggrieved individual and the Government or any of its agencies. In the matter of Fundamental Rights, and of Fundamental Rights only, a citizen can move the Supreme Court directly by presenting a petition to it without going to any lower court at all and it becomes the responsibility of the Supreme Courts to ensure that the rights treated as fundamental by the Constitution are enjoyed by every citizen of the country.

Other Powers:

Decrees or orders passed by the Supreme Court in the interests of justice are enforceable through­out the territory of India. The Supreme Court has also been given the power under Article 142 to secure the attendance before it of any person within the territory of India or to order the discovery and production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.

The supreme power of the Supreme Court, however, lies in its being the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution in which capacity its power embraces not only the interpretation of the Constitu­tion but also that of the laws of the Union, the States and local authorities.

Like the highest court in other countries, the Supreme Court of India, too, is not bound by its own decisions. It can reconsider its own decisions provided that such review is in the interest of the community and justice. An application for review may be filed with the Registrar of the Court within thirty days after its judgement is delivered in appeal and it should briefly and, distinctly state the grounds for review.

The application for review must also be accompanied by a certificate by the Bar Council that it is supported by proper grounds. Any such review is undertaken by a larger bench than the one which passed the original judgement. The Supreme Court’s power to review its earlier deci­sions helps it to correct any decision which may be deemed erroneous.

online learning

When the COVID-19 pandemic struck, and the number of cases began to rise, the entire country went into lockdown. Educational institutions were the first to be shut down, and the situation was chaotic. Every student in the country was worried about their classes and their grades since they could no longer attend school. But a few weeks later online classes were implemented. Students and teachers could communicate through their devices. The current role that technology plays in education is a huge one. The idea of integrating more technology into our education system has been speculated for years, and it took an actual pandemic for us to see what technology-based learning would look like. The question which now arises is: Is this beneficial, and can we continue with such a technology-dependent system?

There are many advantages to online classes. Firstly, they are much more flexible than traditional ones. The most appealing benefit of online education is that students get to work from any place they want. They can create and manage a schedule which is much more beneficial for them. Many students are intimidated by the idea of speaking in public, and get anxious if they have to talk in front of large groups of people. Online learning makes it much easier for them to speak and present their ideas without having to look at tens and hundreds of faces. 

Some people also think that online classes are cheaper since they don’t have to spend money on books due to the availability of PDFs, and reduced cost of transportation. They have more resources than before, and their learning is not limited to just one textbook. Moreover, online learning allows a student to learn at their own pace. In traditional classes, it was difficult for all the students to understand the lectures and follow the lessons. Now, a student can simply look back at recordings of their lectures if they wish to, and can even clarify doubts through live chats. 

However, every coin has two sides. With the many advantages of online learning, come the disadvantages. In a country like India, where so many of our people are poor, not everyone has the resources to access online classes. Online classes are more favourable to those who can afford a good computer and steady Wi-Fi. Unavailability of devices and network issues can also prove to be a hindrance in the learning of the poor. Online classes tend to increase the communication gap between the students and the teachers, due to lack of any face-to-face interaction. Many teachers and students also find it difficult to familiarise themselves with platforms like Zoom or Microsoft Teams.

Online classes have also lead to a major increase in the screen times of students. Long hours of being glued to your device can have adverse effects on your health like headaches and eyesight issues. Students are also finding it difficult to give examinations, which is why people were against the idea of online exams. There is also a high chance of distractions, and students can easily lose track of their studies.

This transition to online learning was not a smooth one and showed us that we are not ready for our education system to be more technology-based. If we are to adopt such a system in the future, then we have to make sure that each student in this country has access to the resources required for online classes. We also have to ensure that our dependence on technology doesn’t grow more than it needs to. A lot of changes are required before we can successfully integrate technology into our learning system.

Innocence

Children are born innocent. They want only to be loved, to learn, and to contribute. Those parents who are not able to appreciate this truth miss what should be the most precious moment of their life. They cannot trust their child – they instead suspect him of being somehow flawed and requiring constant correction. The emphasis is on fixing something, not on enjoying and learning about this new person. The focus, from that point on, is on the child’s behavior, not on the parent-child connection.

A parent’s attitude is absolutely critical in determining the kind of relationship they will have with their child. I find nothing sadder than seeing a parent who has somehow missed seeing their child’s basic sweetness and good intentions, and thus believes that punishment is necessary to set him on the right path. This parent is always watchful, looking for ways to correct the child, which stifles his natural exuberance. This kind of suspiciousness is self-fulfilling – the child who is punished responds emotionally – as does any other person – with anger and fantasies of revenge, and physiologically with a burst of the stress hormone cortisol. The parent then feels justified in continuing and even escalating the punishments. The child is from then on seen as potential trouble – as the enemy.

The parent who is fortunate enough to see in his newborn’s eyes only love, curiosity, and joy, will continue to trust and enjoy their child. Instead of looking for “misbehavior”, this parent looks for ways to connect and to bring joy into their child’s life. This attitude is also self-fulfilling, because love begets love. The child responds to being loved and trusted as we all do – by loving and trusting in return.

India’s Foreign poLICY

Constitution of India constitutes India into a Sovereign Socialist, Sovereign and Democratic, republic Nation. Socialist Nation is a Nation which allows an individual to collect wealth subject to reasonable restrictions with regard to the rights of Wealth less people to have opportunity to develop them.

In the very concept of socialism an attempt is made out to strike a judicious balance between the Capitalism and communism.

This constitutional mandate of Socialism rightly directed India’s Foreign Policy for around Four decades of Independence. In this period we had closed economy at home with object of achieving self reliance in food production as well as Industrial Growth which will guarantee employment to masses. This policy of self development rightly kept away India from Capitalist European and America States.

But with the fall of Soviet Russia in late 1990, the international support of India’s economic policy withered away, which results in to temporary set back to our slow but sustained all inclusive growth at home. This ultimately forced India to adopt major changes in India’s foreign Policy.

India opened its huge market for Multinational companies from Capitalist Countries and to facilitate them government of India decide to adopt disinvestment in public sector units which results into transfer of wealth from public/ people to a few corporate houses individuals. Here we started sidelining the constitutional spirit of socialist Nation and make moves towards a Capitalist Country. This shift was so swiftly incorporated by India’s policy makers that only gloomy side of this shift was visible and dark side was intellectually covered under the carpet.

Rightly after adopting this change in policy India came closer to the countries having capitalist set up. Many individuals and corporate Houses from India also started imprinting their marks in Forbs list of riches men on the earth, we can Name a few, Ambani brothers, Bharti Mittal, etc.

Collection of wealth by a Handful of a few is misunderstood by this country as a development of the nation when majority of the population of this country is not at all part of this capitalist growth. India is developing but Bharat is loosing its existence and countrymen of Bharat are increasing committing suicide across length and breadth of this country. One this is crystal clear in this model of growth that India is shifting from a socialist country to a Capitalist Nation.

Big question is, whether this shift is constitutionally permissible? Answer to this question is in negative and can easily found in the letters and words of the Constitution of India.

Starting from the Preamble to the Chapter of Fundamental rights which allow every individual to adopt and Carry on any business trade or calling but allows the Government to create monopoly in its favor and to have control over national wealth in the interest of public. More Particularly in Part four of the constitution which speaks of Directive principles of State Policy specifically directed government of India to adopt and design policies which will keep India’s socialist fabric intact, and model of growth must be based on the inclusive growth, inclusive of all literate and illiterate, poor and rich farmers and businessmen, and not exclusive of poor and downtrodden. Our Commitment to these constitutional goals directed India’s Foreign policy till 1990s.

India should be very much careful in carving and implementing its foreign policy as it has direct correlation with the well being of the people of this country. Countrymen here are not homogeneous socially, economically and politically, still there exist a wide gap amongst the people of this country as to their economic status, upbringing and understanding. India needs a few ore year to bring its majority living in villages to the mainstream of this country. Only and only after that we can adopt a foreign policy, which Government of India has prematurely adopted today. Moreover Capitalism shall never be a dominating factor while designing foreign policy for this country. My honest submission before this august gathering of experts of Law and polity is

1. There is an urgent need to reconsider India’s foreign policy from constitutional perspective.
2. Goals set out under Part III and Part IV of the Constitution must be respected and achieved will all efforts.
3. India’s foreign policy must not ignore major stake holder of this Country i.e. a farmer.
4. India must not do away with our Gandhian Philosophy of Self reliance and all inclusive growth.
5. In the development of India we shall not forget Bharat.

DIGITAL MARKETING

At a high level, digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. Using these online media channels, digital marketing is the method by which companies endorse goods, services, and brands. Consumers heavily rely on digital means to research products. For example, Think with Google marketing insights found that 48% of consumers start their inquiries on search engines, while 33% look to brand websites and 26% search within mobile applications.

While modern day digital marketing is an enormous system of channels to which marketers simply must onboard their brands, advertising online is much more complex than the channels alone. In order to achieve the true potential of digital marketing, marketers have to dig deep into today’s vast and intricate cross-channel world to discover strategies that make an impact through engagement marketing. Engagement marketing is the method of forming meaningful interactions with potential and returning customers based on the data you collect over time. By engaging customers in a digital landscape, you build brand awareness, set yourself as an industry thought leader, and place your business at the forefront when the customer is ready to buy.

By implementing an omnichannel digital marketing strategy, marketers can collect valuable insights into target audience behaviors while opening the door to new methods of customer engagement. Additionally, companies can expect to see an increase in retention. According to a report by Invesp, companies with strong omnichannel customer engagement strategies retain an average of 89% of their customers compared to companies with weak omnichannel programs that have a retention rate of just 33%. 

As for the future of digital marketing, we can expect to see a continued increase in the variety of wearable devices available to consumers. Forbes also forecasts that social media will become increasingly conversational in the B2B space, video content will be refined for search engine optimization (SEO) purposes, and email marketing will become even more personalized.

The History and Evolution of Digital Marketing

TYPES OF DIGITAL MARKETING:-

there’s a lot of different types of digital marketing (and we mean a lot), but leading digital marketing expert Neil Patel backs the theory that all digital marketing falls into 11 categories. And these are…

  1. SEM (Search Engine Marketing)
  2. SEO (Search Engine Optimisation)
  3. PPC (Pay-per-click)
  4. SMM (Social Media Marketing)
  5. Content Marketing
  6. Email Marketing
  7. Influencer / Affiliate Marketing
  8. Viral Marketing
  9. Radio Advertising
  10. Television Advertising
  11. Mobile Advertising

WHY DIGITAL MARKETING?

When small businesses get started, their focus is often on how to get their first group of customers through the door. They may rely on traditional forms of advertising, such as print ads and coupon mailers or even big signs on the side of the road. They may trust that since they know they offer a good product or service, it’s only a matter of time until customers will find their way to them.

While this strategy may bring in a trickle of business, there is a better and easier way. Small businesses should consider the huge marketplace of prospects online. No small business, no matter how new, should overlook this vast marketplace.

VERDICT:-They are the game changers of the bussiness

ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems.

It is yet, another technological advancement made possible by the transition from analog to digital processes. In recent decades, communications, imaging, architecture and engineering have all undergone their own digital revolutions. Now, AM can bring digital flexibility and efficiency to manufacturing operations.

Additive manufacturing uses data computer-aided-design (CAD) software or 3D object scanners to direct hardware to deposit material, layer upon layer, in precise geometric shapes. As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object. By contrast, when you create an object by traditional means, it is often necessary to remove material through milling, machining, carving, shaping or other means.

Although the terms “3D printing” and “rapid prototyping” are casually used to discuss additive manufacturing, each process is actually a subset of additive manufacturing.

While additive manufacturing seems new to many, it has actually been around for several decades. In the right applications, additive manufacturing delivers a perfect trifecta of improved performance, complex geometries and simplified fabrication. As a result, opportunities abound for those who actively embrace additive manufacturing.

WHAT IS ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING?

GE Additive specializes in developing Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) machines for the additive manufacturing of metal parts. The three processes GE offers with in the PBF category, recognized by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), include:

  • Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM)
  • Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
  • Binder Jet

The PBF process creates a physical object from a digital design or CAD file. In all of GE Additive’s machines the process involve the spreading of the metal powder layer by layer and uses either a laser or electron beam to melt and fuse powder together to create a part. The process repeats until the entire part is created. Loose or unfused powder is removed during post processing and is recycled for the next build.

HOW DO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING WORKS?

The term “additive manufacturing” references technologies that grow three-dimensional objects one superfine layer at a time. Each successive layer bonds to the preceding layer of melted or partially melted material. It is possible to use different substances for layering material, including metal powder, thermoplastics, ceramics, composites, glass and even edibles like chocolate.

Objects are digitally defined by computer-aided-design (CAD) software that is used to create .stl files that essentially “slice” the object into ultra-thin layers. This information guides the path of a nozzle or print head as it precisely deposits material upon the preceding layer. Or, a laser or electron beam selectively melts or partially melts in a bed of powdered material. As materials cool or are cured, they fuse together to form a three-dimensional object.

The journey from .stl file to 3D object is revolutionizing manufacturing. Gone are the intermediary steps, like the creation of molds or dies, that cost time and money.

Additive Manufacturing Conferences & Innovation Cluster | Team NEO

VERDICT:-It is an great innovation.

how your diet impacts the planet

We all know how important it is to maintain a balanced diet. But have you ever sat down and thought about how your diet impacts the environment? Let us take the example of one particular food item whose popularity has gone up in the past few years: Meat. It is a great source of complete protein and contains all the amino acids our bodies need. Vitamin B-12, a vitamin which helps in the formation of red blood cells and prevention of anaemia can be obtained from only animal sources. Meat is, therefore, great for your health, but is it all that great for the environment?

Eating meat has dire consequences for the environment. If we look at the land used to feed livestock, it is about eight times more than the land we use for feeding humans. In the US, approximately 260 million acres of land that was once occupied by forests, is now grazed by cattle. Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of the total amount of agricultural output in industrialised countries Most estimates claim that between 1,800 and 2,500 gallons of water go into producing each pound of beef. All these resources can be put to much better use, like feeding the millions of people starving in the world and growing vegetables or wheat. But we choose to use them to raise cattle; cattle which will eventually be slaughtered for human consumption.

Worldwide, livestock rearing makes up anywhere between 14.5 and 18 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions. If we compare it to the transportation sector, it is responsible for 14 per cent of the emissions. Not to mention the large amount of transportation required for the meat to reach from feedlots, to slaughterhouses, to processing centres and finally your local grocery stores. You’re probably better off driving your car than eating that meat on your plate.

Moreover, the conditions in which animals are kept in slaughterhouses is terrible. Animals are chained and dragged and beaten with tools ranging from cattle prods to shovels. They are packed into trucks and transported in masses, fearing the slow and cruel death that awaits them. Furthermore, they are hung upside down and decapitated. This allows them to bleed out quicker and is commercially beneficial for the processing of meat. If we look at poultry slaughterhouses, almost everything there is automated. They kill approximately 50,000 animals in just one week. Even the workers are affected by the work they do. Since most slaughterhouses are opened up in rural areas, where there are few job opportunities for the people, they are forced to work in such inhumane places, doing this horrible work. Most of us know this, yet we turn a blind eye to such events as we’re too afraid to face the reality of our food.

How can we prevent all this? The best thing to do would be to turn vegetarian or vegan. But we simply cannot expect the billions of people on the planet to give up meat. Not everyone has that privilege. Instead, one could try to reduce their meat intake. Educate those around you on the malpractices and evils of slaughterhouses and argue for reform. This is not something we should ignore. The time for change has come.

Sources: https://sentientmedia.org/slaughterhouses/

https://www.ecowatch.com/which-is-worse-for-the-planet-beef-or-cars-1919932136.html

My first ever trip to hill station in 2019 July.

               Saputara camp 1295... 
                - Muskan

“I guess sometimes the greatest memories are made in the most unlikely of places, and with the people you least expected it to be with.”

This line is just the shortest line which may describe the 3 day trip in Saputara. The trip was planned to begin on 05th of July at around 5:00am and we booked our tickets around 18 hrs before the trip was about to begin, making this trip the most “last minute planned” trip of my life. Our trip was organised by ‘Invincible NGO’ in Ahmedabad. Hence making it a planned unplanned trip, as the decision was last minute, yet perfectly planned by them.

DAY 1

The companions for my trip were Sagar and dhruvi , whom I may have never planned to travel with but yet here we are waiting for our bus at our pick up point in kamrej cross road. Alas, our journey began at 5:18 am on the 5th of June. Snuggled in the Sahyadris, Saputara lies in the Dang District of Gujarat which is approximately 172 kms from surat and we started from kamrej. Our travel time was a little longer than expected, as the season of monsoon had begun so we had a drizzle throughout, hence we reached the campsite at around 9:30 am. After all we shifted the mattresses and tents from the bus to the camp area, the actual trip began.

Our instructor /volunteers called us for a ‘fall in’ which is an army drill which is supposed to gather all the soldiers in a formation. So in this camp, whenever we heard fall in we had to gather with our platoon. The first fall in was to introduce us to the instructors, give us a brief description of the itinerary of the trip and divide us into platoons of approximately 10–12 people. We three were the part of India platoon, where we met our other 8 teammates and our companions for the rest of the trip, no wait we had 3 more new friends from the delta platoon, thus making the group of 3 to a group of 13. That is the magic of trips, in no time people you never knew become a part of something that is going to stay with you for the rest of your life. So, after the ‘fallout’ we were handed out the tents and mattresses which we set up, making our places to sleep for the 2 nights, because who would spend the day in the tent when you have so much to explore outside and such a beautiful surrounding.

Once the tents were set up and we freshened up, had lunch, then it was time to explore the places near the campsite. The campsite was in a secluded area, hence there weren’t many places to explore, yet there was a mountain behind the campsite which could be climbed, and so we did.

THE MOUNTAIN WE CLIMBED. (Behind the campsite)

At around 4 pm we were ready to go to our first location for sight-seeing in the Saputara city which is the sunset point. One drawback or let us say the advantage in my case of this place is that you cannot take your vehicle to that point, we had to park the bus midway and then had to walk for about 1.5 km to reach the top. The climb took around 30 mins as it was a steep one, also throughout the way, there was fog surrounding us making the visibility around and ahead of us to a bare minimum, which made the walk beautiful and serene at the same time. The fog and the clouds made it quite impossible to view the sunset, however, these were the very elements, the fog, the clouds the breeze which made the atmosphere quite peaceful and magical.

THE SUNSET POINT.

After a few minutes of halt, we further walked to our next destination, ‘THE SUICIDE POINT’. Hearing about this location, I was really intrigued to be there. After around 10–15 minutes of walking from the sunset point we reached the place and it was completely clear why was it was called the ‘suicide point’. I don’t know about suicide, but one wrong step and you could slip into the unknown and there is no coming back. It was actually scarier because of the fog, which made the visibility below to zero, meaning you would not even know what are you falling into! But the questions that lingered in my mind were, ‘how could a person just climb to the top, look at this amazing view and decide to die?’, ‘has anyone actually jumped off from this place?’ or just came to the top and decided to say to Death ‘Not Today’. These questions had no answers, so we decided to click some pictures and then sit for a while, staring in the oblivion, observe the quiet around and forgetting about everything else.

FROM THE SUICIDE POINT.

Then was the time for a campfire, sadly which couldn’t be possible as all the material for lighting fire was damp, but that didn’t stop us from some team bonding. All of us gathered around in a circle, where our senior-most instructor introduced himself once again and told us the importance of a campfire. The most important one is keeping all the wild animals away and the second one is it provides a platform to all to come ahead talk about or just showcase his/her talent. A lot of people came forward, sang songs, told jokes and it was a night full of fun and laughter. After that, almost all of my teammates went to sleep but not me and my friend. Even though I had not used my mobile phone throughout the day, just like me it also needed charging for the next day. So we went to the charging point in our campsite, where we sat for about half an hour, we talked and also started writing about the day’s experience in my notebook. At 11 pm, it was our time to sleep as well, as the next day had an early start.

DAY 2

I would never imagine myself waking up at 5 am on a Saturday morning, but here I was awake at 5 am, getting ready for the day lying ahead of us. At 6 am we climbed back to the mountain we had been to the day before. Our agenda for going back to the mountain was for a warm-up for the trek we were going to do afterwards. Honestly, I was a bit scared for the trek as the instructors had suggested that it was quite a difficult one, given the weather condition i.e continuous drizzling. After the warm-up was done, we had our breakfast, packed the necessary things for the trek which basically was just a bottle of water. The trek was on a hill known as the Governor’s Hill (3284 ft). We reached the base from where we’re supposed to start our climb. The weather had worsened than yesterday, it was raining continuously drenching us even before our trek had begun.

ON WARDS AND UPWARDS ! (Leaving for the trek)

We started the trek at around 9 am, initially, it seemed a bit difficult because of the rain, but we got used to it and seemed very easy as we went further up, making us question why did the instructors make it sound very difficult? We thought maybe we crossed the difficult part and now it was just a piece of cake. We also joked about it that we could have completed the trek in 15 minutes, why is it taking such a long time? Anyways, after walking for a few more minutes we realized we were so wrong! There we come to some huge rocks which were all slippery because of the moss due to the rain. As we crossed them, we reached a pathway which was very narrow all you could see on both sides was nothing but fog, walking on that narrow road was the time when the adrenaline rush was at its peak and you know you were scared, because it was raining, the wind was blowing at its full speed and one wrong step you knew you are not coming back. After a few minutes of walking down that road, we reached the highest point of the cliff at around 12 am. Everyone was so happy, proud and shivering to their core because of the rain and the wind that was blowing at its fullest speed. I really wanted to take one picture from the highest point, but unfortunately, it was raining and nobody wanted to damage their phones so all we could do was stand, shiver and just capture the picture in our minds.

After that, we were ready for the descent, which by the looks of it looked pretty difficult. The slope was very steep and muddy, and as it was slippery there was a lot of slipping down in the mud. For a minute I felt we were lost because we could not see any of the instructors in front of us, but as we crossed the muddy slope we saw an instructor and I felt relieved. Getting down the muddy slope, we had crossed the most difficult part and then there was going down further but to our good luck there was not mud ahead, only rocks with the rainwater flowing through it. And just like that, we completed our trek supporting each other, being there for each other. The fun thing about the trek was we started the ascent in Gujarat but completed the descent in Maharashtra, which is a valley(the name of the place I cannot recall) where there is maximum circulation of wind. People usually stop by that place to experience it. Completing the trek successfully, we returned to the campsite, had lunch and freshened up and sat for a while and listened to songs for a while.

THE VALLEY AT THE END OF THE TREK

Our next thing for the day was to explore the city, which we began at around 4 pm. Some of the places which serve as tourist attraction spots are the aquarium, the city heritage museum and a small lake. We were free to explore the city on our own, hence we decided to go to the museum first, know about the history of the city. After that, we decided, why to explore the places which were already famous, everybody would go there, hence we took the roads less travelled and landed up at three amazingly beautiful places.

The first one was a honeybee farming centre, where we learnt something we did not know about honeybees. The second spot was a small nursery, home to a lot of different plants and flowers and such a beautiful garden with the view of the City Lake. The last stop was the ‘Step Garden’ which again was a pretty place with flowers grown on the steps. After that, we went out for a quick snack, the one comfort snack Maggi and a glass of chilled lemon juice, corn . Then we were back to the campsite after an amazing evening.

THE NIGHT SKY !

Back at the campsite, after dinner, we all sat down shared some stories(all genres) and after that, we all sang our hearts out (those 80’s songs) gives you the feels alright. At 11 pm were off to sleep, as we were about to go on a surprise trek (something not in our itinerary) the next morning.

DAY 3

Remember the time when I mentioned, where I couldn’t imagine myself waking up at 5 on a Sunday morning, guess what who would have imagined me waking up at 4:15 on a Sunday morning to go for a Sunrise trek. Yet some of the things you just do just because it feels right, also because you know when are you going to get a chance to do this? But suddenly we didn’t went there as similar to the sunset, there was no sunrise for us, just the clouds and fogs adding to the mystery. It was mysterious to me because somewhere in my head, fulfilling my fantasy, I felt there could be something behind those mountains. (your imagination takes you places)

It was time to wrap up those tents. While wrapping those tents, reality struck me hard and I realized how fast the past two days went by, and it was time for us to leave. After the tents were wrapped up, it was completely clear that there was so much garbage dumped on the campsite. However, we did our duty and cleaned the site completely before we left. The last and the final stop for our trip was a place called the Gira Waterfalls. It took us about an hour to reach the place. The waterfalls had a great flow because of the onset of monsoons.

THE GIRA WATERFALLS.

Returning from the waterfalls, we had our lunch in the middle of a highway which was again something you would not expect. After lunch, we finally had to leave for Surat, actually marking the beginning of the end. I just didn’t want the trip to end, just hoped deep in the heart for the bus not to reach Surat, because, from the next day, we would be getting back to our old routines but as they say, all good things must come to an end, only so that you can value them. Hence in the journey towards home, there were a lot of dj dancing and singing sessions . And in no time we reached Surat tear rolls down, reached our homes and hence putting a full stop to an epic, amazing and memorable experience.

However, no experience ends without having some lessons for you in store. The lessons I take from this trip are, you just need the right companions for your trip and you are going to have one hell of a trip. Secondly, something we don’t realize nowadays is that we can survive 3 days without internet, and once you do that you don’t feel the need to use it once again unless and until necessary. Thirdly, I made an important realization, we all complain about not having time, and not being able to do things we have always wanted to. Yet we all have the same amount of time, we just need to know how to utilize it because on a regular Saturday I would be lying on my bed till 9 or 10 am, but yet on this trip, I was on the top of a mountain by this time. Lastly, travel, go for that trip you have always wanted, meet new people, explore new places and don’t regret any of this, because on your deathbed you would never regret not having time for yourself.

My Instagram post lines .

Hey saputara❤️ love you ❤️🙅‍♀️

ये हसीन वादियां⛰️
और ये हरीभरी पहाड़िया🏞️
ये विरान सनसनी भरी हवाए 🌬️
और ये झिलमिलाती टहनिया🌿
बारिश का बंद ही नही होना🌧️🌧️
बादलों से उपर बसती है यहां जिंदगीया☁️

सापुतारा# ever took a break from work ??? Left all the tensions behind … Try once I bet you will never regret # travel # wander # explore # adventure # beauty of nature 🌂# monsoon magic # wet set go💦 # rain # somewhere between clouds # Aj mai upar asman niche 🌧️# breathe fresh # adventure trekking⛰️ # met new best people’s # bestest volunteers # 🇮🇳invincible ngo # Jai Hind # nature beauty # natural pool of peace # yo yo # yo what’s up # situps # discipline # mountain # tent ⛺ # fall in 💂# team India # orange # jaadu # 💃bus # 🎤🎶bus # crab 🦀 # lizard 🦎 # guys # watermelon 🍉 banana 🍌# pineapple 🍍# fresh lemon🍋 # chotu # spare clothes # first aid # Nick Priyanka # Sanskrit # 5-7 July these three days were the memorable experience that we had ….

CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW

The originator of the concept of rule of law was Sir Edward Coke the Chief Justice in James I Reign.
The concept of rule of law is of old origin. Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle discussed the concept of rule of law around 350 BC. Plato wrote as Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state. Aristotle wrote as law should govern and those who are in power should be servant of the laws.

The derivation of the phrase as˜ Rule of Law is from the French phrase as˜la principe de legalite’ which implies principle of legality. By this phrase it refers to a government based on principles of law and not of men. One of the basic principles of Constitution is rule of law and this concept is up to standard in both India and America Constitution.

The doctrine of rule of law is the entire basis of Administrative law. As discussed by Aristotle, the concept of rule of law is grounded in the ideas of justice, fairness and inclusiveness. Today, an intricate chain of fundamental ideas is inappropriate in rule of law which further encompasses equality before law, equal treatment before the law for government, independence of judiciary, consistency, transparency and accountability in administrative law.

The doctrine of rule of law has its origin in England and it is one of the fundamental characteristics of the British constitutional system. It lays down that the law is supreme and hence the government must act according to law and within the limits of the law. It is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behavior, including behavior of government officials.


“An Introduction to the law of the constitution” in which the term “Rule of Law” was given a comprehensive amplitude. In reality, it is a doctrine of England where there is no written constitution, so it is placed as a higher law there to check the validity of any law made by legislature. This doctrine shows that whatever law is present in our state, must be ruled over everyone, meaning thereby the law is supreme in all respect and in every sphere. It clarifies that “No one above the law”. Now a question arises, what the law is? The answer of this question resides in two principles that are-

•Due Process
•Procedure established by law.
Due Process is a doctrine of USA, and its ambit is not defined comprehensively, but its sphere is to be explained by judges as per the facts and circumstances of the case. It represents judicial supremacy and also there is a danger for judicial autocracy because the court if not self restrained may go beyond the limits set by the constitution.

But in India, there is a “Procedure established by law” doctrine prevails, adopted from

Constitution of Japan
and clearly enshrined in Article 21 of Indian Constitution. It shows parliamentary sovereignty because in India, law is made by the legislature, it restricts the judicial supremacy and only infers right to do literal interpretation not statutory construction of laws.There are also some other elements embedded in Rule of law, such as

• Absence of arbitrary power on the part of government, which is undoubtedly present in form of judicial review in which judiciary always look after the actions of other organs of government.

• Equality of all persons in the eye of the law, which can be justified on the basis of provisions of Article 14-18 with some reasonable restrictions.

• Rules of constitutional law are the results of the ordinary law of the land means the laws made by legislature must not be contrary to the provisions of constitution, otherwise it will be declared as null and void.

In England, Rule of Law flourished sovereignty of legislature, being unwritten constitution there is no higher law to circumscribe the plenary powers of the sovereign legislature but in India, there is written constitution and the concept of judicial review also present, so the doctrine of Rule of Law cannot be assigned a paramount place. But to promote the spirit of constitutionalism, the shadow of this doctrine reflects in various provisions of Indian Constitution in the form of fundamental principles of natural justice.

A V Dicey in his book The Law of the Constitution (1885) has given the following three implications of the doctrine of rule of law.

  1. Absence of arbitrary power, that is, no man is punished except for a breach of law
  2. Equality before the law, that is, equal subjection of all citizens (rich or poor, high or low, official or non official) to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts
  3. The primacy of the rights of individual, that is, the constitution is the result of the rights of the individual as defined and enforced by courts of law, rather than constitution being the source of the individual rights

Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law, popularized in 19th century, has purely formal characteristics, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content and protection of individual rights.

Today Dicey’s theory of rule of law cannot be accepted in its totality. The modern concept of the rule of law is fairly wide and therefore sets up an ideal for any government to achieve. Accordingly – “The rule of law implies that the functions of the government in a free society should be so exercised as to create conditions in which the dignity of man as an individual is upheld. This dignity requires not only the recognition of certain civil or political rights but also creation of certain political, social, economical, educational and cultural conditions which are essential to the full development of his personality”.

The relevance of the Rule of Law is demonstrated by application of the following principles in practice:

  1. The separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
  2. The law is made by representatives of the people in an open and transparent way.
  3. The law and its administration is subject to open and free criticism by the people, who may assemble without fear.
  4. The law is applied equally and fairly, so that no one is above the law.
  5. The law is capable of being known to everyone, so that everyone can comply.
  6. No one is subject to any action by any government agency other than in accordance with the law and the model litigant rules, no one is subject to any torture.
  7. The judicial system is independent, impartial, open and transparent and provides a fair and prompt trial.
  8. All people are presumed to be innocent until proven otherwise and are entitled to remain silent and are not required to incriminate themselves.
  9. No one can be prosecuted, civilly or criminally, for any offence not known to the law when committed.
  10. No one is subject adversely to a retrospective change of the law.

Rule of Law and Indian Constitution 

In India the Constitution is supreme. The preamble of our Constitution clearly sets out the principle of rule of law. It is sometimes said that planning and welfare schemes essentially strike at rule of law because they affect the individual freedoms and liberty in many ways. But rule of law plays an effective role by emphasizing upon fair play and greater accountability of the administration. It lays greater emphasis upon the principles of natural justice and the rule of speaking order in administrative process in order to eliminate administrative arbitrariness.

Important Components of Rule-of-Law Reforms

a) Court Reforms 

The efficiency of the courts is an important component in rule-of-law reforms as the existence of a judiciary is a fundamental aspect of the rule of law. 

To increase accountability and transparency, information technology systems may be installed to provide greater public access. To increase independence of the courts, the government can provide them with funding that will allow them to make their own financial and administrative decisions.

Recent aggressive judicial activism can also be seen as a part of the efforts of the Constitutional Courts in India to establish rule-of-law society, which implies that no matter how high a person, may be the law is always above him. Court is also trying to identify the concept of rule of law with human rights of the people. The Court is developing techniques by which it can force the government not only to submit to the law but also to create conditions where people can develop capacities to exercise their rights properly and meaningfully. However, separation of powers should be maintained.

b) Legal Rules 

Another important rule-of-law reform goal is to build the legal rules. As Fuller stated, “laws must exist.”

c) Institutional Encouragement on the Global Level 

To encourage additional country-specific development, in the early 1990s the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began conditioning financial assistance on the implementation of the rule of law in recipient countries. These organizations had provided aid to support initiatives in legislative drafting, legal information, public and legal education, and judicial reforms, including alternative dispute resolution. By conditioning funds on the establishment of the rule of law, the World Bank and the IMF also hope to reduce corruption, which undermines economic development by scaring away investors and preventing the free flow of goods and capital. Currently, in its Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the United Nations (UN) also champions the rule of law as a vehicle to bring about more sustainable environmental practices.

Conclusion 

Rule of law is mostly believed to be a modern concept which is a gift of democracy however it is something which is fundamental to the very basic idea of good governance

We need to focus on the weaknesses and loopholes so that we can remove or plug them. Having said this, we cannot resist ourselves from adding that it is not that only the three organs of the State are to be blamed for the dismal state of rule of law in the society. Other actors like the media, civil society and even the ordinary citizen cannot run away from their respective responsibilities. Therefore it is equally important that all the actors of the society ensure for the maintenance of Rule of Law.