FERMI BUBBLES

What are Fermi Bubbles?

Fermi Bubbles are giant gamma ray structures emanating from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, extending tens of thousands of light-years north and south of the galactic plane. They were discovered using the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope during a survey for dark matter.  In 2010, gamma-ray observations by Fermi revealed previously unknown features in our galaxy that stretch halfway across the sky. Now called the Fermi Bubbles, these mysterious structures emerge above and below the center of our galaxy, spanning a total length of about 50,000 light-years.

The plane of our galaxy glows brightly in gamma rays, which result when high-energy particles called cosmic rays interact with gas and dust. The Fermi Bubbles emit higher-energy gamma rays than the rest of the galaxy’s disk.  The bubbles may be related to the release of vast amounts of energy emitted from the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. We know that in other galaxies, supermassive black holes that ingest large amounts of matter can power high-energy jets. It’s possible the Milky Way’s central black hole went through such a phase in the past, producing jets responsible for the Fermi Bubbles we see today.

What are Gamma Rays?

A gamma ray, or gamma radiation {\displaystyle \gamma }, is a penetrating electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves and so imparts the highest photon energy.  Natural sources of gamma rays originating on Earth are mostly as a result of radioactive decay and secondary radiation from atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. However, there are other rare natural sources, such as terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce gamma rays from electron action upon the nucleus. Notable artificial sources of gamma rays include fission, such as that which occurs in nuclear reactors, and high energy physics experiments, such as neutral pion decay and nuclear fusion.

Gamma rays and X-rays are both electromagnetic radiation, and since they overlap in the electromagnetic spectrum, the terminology varies between scientific disciplines. A large fraction of astronomical gamma rays are screened by Earth’s atmosphere. Gamma rays are ionizing radiation and are thus biologically hazardous. Due to their high penetration power, they can damage bone marrow and internal organs. Unlike alpha and beta rays, they pass easily through the body and thus pose a formidable radiation protection challenge, requiring shielding made from dense materials such as lead or concrete.

Latest developments

  • For the first time, scientists have observed visible light from the Fermi bubbles, enormous blobs of gas that sandwich the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. The newly spotted glow was emitted by hydrogen gas that was electrically charged, or ionized, within the bubbles. Originally observed in 2010, the bubbles spew high-energy light known as gamma rays. The towering structures are thought to be relics of an ancient outburst of gas from the galaxy’s center. But scientists don’t know the source. The outflow could have been the result of the black hole at the center of the galaxy messily gobbling up matter, or emissions caused by bursts of stars forming. Within the bubbles, gas is expanding outward, its motion altering the apparent wavelength of its light. Material closer to the solar system is traveling toward it, appearing bluer and more distant gas is moving away, appearing redder.  The wavelength shift allowed the researchers to pinpoint the gas’s velocity at one location within the bubbles. Using the Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper telescope, or WHAM, the researchers determined that the gas flowed outward at about 220 kilometers per second. The estimate agreed with an earlier measurement made using ultraviolet light. By taking measurements in other locations, the researchers hope to more fully map out the velocity of the gas.
  •  In 2010, astronomers working with the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope announced the discovery of two giant blobs. These blobs were centered on the core of the Milky Way galaxy, but they extended above and below the plane of our galactic home. Their origins are still a mystery, but however they got there, they are emitting copious amounts of high-energy radiation.  More recently, the IceCube array in Antarctica has reported 10 super-duper-high-energy neutrinos sourced from the bubbles, leading some astrophysicists to speculate that some crazy subatomic interactions are afoot. Recently, a team of researchers pored through the available data, even adding results from the newly operational High Altitude Water Cherenkov detector and combined that information with various theoretical models for the Bubbles, searching for just the right combo.  In one possible scenario, protons inside the Bubbles occasionally slam into each other and produce pions, which are exotic particles that quickly decay into gamma rays. In another one, the flood of high-energy electrons in the Bubbles interacts with the ever-present radiation of the cosmic microwave background, boosting some lucky photons into the gamma regime. In a third, shock waves at the outer edges of the Bubbles use magnetic fields to drive local but lethargic particles to high velocities, which then begin emitting cosmic rays. But try as they might, the authors of this study couldn’t find any of the scenarios (or any combination of these scenarios) to fit all the data. In short, we still don’t know what drives the gamma ray emission from the Bubbles, whether the Bubbles also produce neutrinos, or what made the Bubbles in the first place.
  • A pair of gigantic gamma-ray bubbles centered on the core of the Milky Way galaxy was discovered by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope 10 years ago. But how these so-called “Fermi bubbles” arose was a mystery. Recently, however, researchers at the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (SHAO) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have presented a new model that, for the first time, simultaneously explains the origins of both the Fermi bubbles and the galactic center biconical X-ray structure, which was discovered in 2003. According to this model, the two structures are essentially the same phenomenon and was caused by the forward shock driven by a pair of jets emanating from Sagittarius A* (commonly called: Sgr A*) – the supermassive black hole lurking at the galactic center—about five million years ago. Although they cannot be seen with the naked eye, they are very bright in diffuse gamma-ray emissions. In gamma rays, the Fermi bubbles have very sharp edges and the edges coincide well with an X-ray structure called the galactic center biconical X-ray structure. Seeing the very similar edges of Fermi bubbles and the galactic center biconical X-ray structure, the SHAO researchers realized these structures might share the same origin. Furthermore, the biconical X-ray structure could be naturally explained by the shock-compressed thin shell of hot thermal gas driven by a past energy outburst from the galactic center. In previous theoretical models and computer simulations of the Fermi bubbles, two major competing energy sources were proposed, i.e., star formation at the galactic center and Sgr A*. However, in both models, the Fermi bubbles are explained as ‘ejecta’ bubbles, while the forward shock is always located much further away from the edge of the Fermi bubbles. In other words, these models could not explain the Fermi bubbles and the galactic center biconical X-ray structure simultaneously. In contrast, the theoretical model in this study, proposed by Guo Fulai and his graduate student Zhang Ruiyu from SHAO, used computer simulations to demonstrate for the first time that the Fermi bubbles and the galactic center biconical X-ray structure are the same phenomenon. In this model, the edge of the Fermi bubbles is the forward shock driven by a pair of jets emanating from Sgr A* about five million years ago. The age of the bubbles inferred in this study is also consistent with that derived from recent ultraviolet observations of some high velocity clouds along many sightlines towards the bubble region. The new model indicates that the total energy injected during the Fermi bubble event by the supermassive black hole is close to that released by about 20,000 supernovae. The total matter consumed by Sgr A* during this event is about 100 solar masses. Near the galactic center, the biconical X-ray structure has a very narrow base, while the forward shock produced by star formation or black hole winds can easily propagate to large distances, leading to a base much wider than observed. In contrast, collimated jets deposit most of the energy quickly to large distances along the jet direction, naturally leading to a narrow base for the shock front near the galactic plane.

Adventure is a worth while in itself..

Adventure is the experience of some exciting activities.It is the unusual experience which comes from the activities full of courage, excitement and joy.Somebody has rightly quoted that adventure is either daring or nothing. The most dangerous yet the most exiting is the ‘Sky Driving’ in Australia is one of the most reputable sky driving in the World. Driving into the deep blue sea to witness the Great Barrier Relief, jumping out of the helicopter to experience the great beauty of the great ocean road is mesmerizing and sizzling.One of the most speculated Cliff driving is at the Red Bull it dives into natural deep pools swimming down rivers slipping and sliding through this amazing activity. It really drives people crazy and is amazingly awsome.Water grappling is a adventure where you come down a huge rock pack along with the cascading waterfall.The fast beating heart shouts like a truck horn.As you reach down, you just can’t urge shouting.Well somebody has rightly said that you had the best experience of life.Talking about Water rafting is one the most thrilling experience one can get in life the Futalefu river in China is one of the best places for rafting the experience will let you explore huge waves, the amazing cliff and thunder.So those who can take risk can possibly go far and enjoy the life.

How to Control Your Brain to Stay Positive

Positivity is very important for everyone. It is the way through which you can make life worthy. Positivity is important for an individual’s personality development. It makes you attractive and more confident lifestyle.

Now the question arises, how to stay positive throughout life. So the answer is here, stay in positivity is not a big task. It is all about our thought. What are we thinking? What are the thoughts going into your mind? How do you imagine the world? How you tolerate with any types of situation? How and what we command to our senses?
Our mind is a factory where thoughts are manufacture every time every moment. And our Positive and Negative thoughts are two employees. They manufacture two thoughts. First one is positive thoughts and the second one is negative thoughts. Our mind works on the principle of GIGO, garbage in garbage out, if we put positive garbage inside our brain then our mental appearance should be positive but if we put negative thoughts into our mind then our mental appearance should be negative. Positive employee command to manufacture positive thought whereas negative employee command to manufacture negative thought.

So here we all get how our mind works!! Now next step is that how would you allow your employee to work more effectively. If you want that Positive works more effectively than Negative then you should motivate him to do so. You have to focus more attentively. It is just like the corporate field. If you want to more profit, you need more attention to your weak bone. Positive and Negative employees both work based on our five senses that are eyes, nose, ear, tongue and skin. You need to control all these senses. Because you know that our mind works over the principle of GIGO. You have to manufacture only positive thought only. To manufacture positive thought, you have to command all senses smartly. You should not allow them to watch, hear, speak, smell or touch negative things, not allow to do negative work.

It is all tends to the development of negative thoughts. This is the only way through which you can stop manufacturing of negative thought.

Now we discuss how to control our senses to do so. This can be done through mental treatment. Yoga and meditation are the most famous and it is the only way through which you can avoid and control your senses to do any worst or negative work. Our mind and body both depend on each other. Life is all about balance. Therefore, you have to keep an essential balance for their endorsement. If you do not focus over your body including your senses then negative work will be there which tends to again production of negative thought. And if you will not focus on your brain then again it is similar to active work of negativity and again which tends to the production of negative thought.

The balance between mind and body is most important to keep your personality positive. Manufacturing of thoughts depends on our activity which is commanded by our employee. Your focus will decide activeness of your employee and your employee will decide the growth of factory in the negative or positive side.

how a bill becomes an act?

A draft legislative proposal which has to pass from various stages before becoming an Act is known as a Bill.

First Reading:

The legislative process starts with the introduction of a Bill in either of the House of Parliament- Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha. It can be only introduced by a Minister or by a Private member. In the former case, it is known as a Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as Private Member’s bill. To introduce a Bill, a member-in-charge of the Bill should ask for a leave. If leave is given by the House, the Bill is introduced. It is known as the First Reading of the Bill. If the motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed, the speaker may allow a brief explanatory statement to be made by the member who opposes the motion and the member-in-charge who moved the motion. The Speaker may permit a full discussion thereon when a motion for leave to introduce a bill is opposed on the ground that the bill initiates legislation outside the legislative competence of the house. After that the question is put to the vote of the House. However, the motion for leave to introduce a Finance Bill or an Appropriation Bill is immediately put to the vote of the House.

Second Reading:

The second reading consists of consideration of the Bill as further discussed in two stages:

  1. The first stage consists of general discussion on the principle underlying the Bill. At this stage, it is open to the House to refer the Bill to a Select Committee of the two Houses or to circulate it for the purpose of evoking opinion thereon or to straightaway take it into consideration.
  2. The second stage consists of clause-by-clause consideration of the Bill reported by Select/Joint Committee. Discussion takes place on each clause of the Bill and amendments to a clause can be moved at this stage.

Third Reading:

Thereafter, the Member-in-charge can say that the Bill is passed and can move to other House. This further known as the Third Reading of the Bill. At this stage, the debate is being to an arguments either in support or rejection of the Bill without referring to the details. Only formal, verbal or consequential amendments are allowed to be moved at this stage. In passing an ordinary Bill, a simple majority of members voting is necessary. In the case of a bill to amend the Constitution, a majority of total membership of the House with a majority of not less than two-thirds of the Member present in House of Parliament voting is required for each one of them.

After the Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the other House for an agreement with a message and further it goes through the stages described above, except the introduction stage.

textbooks – a barrier for learning

Learning can be the best process of acquiring knowledge, behaviour, skills and attitudes. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event like being burned by a hot stove, but much skill and knowledge accumulates from repeated experiences. Human learning starts at birth and continues until death.
There are several modes of learning. One such is textbook, which often gives the knowledge in a theoretical manner. Some of the recent researches have shown that textbooks alone cannot judge a student. Every human has a talent, but the main problem arises in analyzing it.
Students can also gain knowledge in several ways. One of them is sciensation. It conveys the excitement of doing researches through puzzles, quizzes, lectures and events. By using this methodologies students can gain knowledge with less efforts and also with less usage of textbooks. This process also insist the students not to believe the information blindly. For example, We always follow the learning that “Pronouns are those which are pointing the nouns”.In some cases, there is a repetition of a particular name which leads to confusion. Hence in order to clarify that confusion some other name can be used which are mentioned to be pronouns.
Sometimes while reading a book, it is mentioned that “point to the before paragraph” but why not the same paragraph? It always promote thinking and also check your connection with that matter. The main part of learning is the process of documentation which gives out the complete detail of your learning.
Similarly, the knowledge can also be gained by reading books, listening to several lectures of good, medium, bad teachers for analyzing the difference between them. Brainstorming the textbooks,listing keywords can also increase your knowledge. By gaining knowledge of different domains, we can easily flush our assumptions and dispositions.
While learning or teaching, you should be crisp in the concept which will make you the best. Similarly while attending an interview, you should always provide the best answer relevant to the question asked, which will increase your chance of being hired. One should never think about their co-applicants. The process of acting smart by noticing the co-applicants always lower your chance of being hired. Because the interviewer always notices your actions and identify whether you are really smart or you are trying to act smart.

As said before anyone can learn anything. Learning is always based on their knowledge and skills. Students who did not learn their textbooks have become a great person in their life. Similarly , Students who learn their textbooks have not achieved anything big in their life.

As mentioned in my previous writing Skills are always different from education. The students who gain the knowledge along with the skills correctly can achieve anything in their life. But when they did not learn it in correct manner like understanding but mug up can lead them to a state of not achieving.

As shown in the learning pyramid, when a student get their skills as mentioned above are named as a good learner with good skills and also good knowledge. Whenever a student clear his/her doubt at instant, then the individual can utilize their knowledge to any extent.

saturn’s moon Titan is drifting away hundred times faster than previously thought- NASA

Here is an image of the giant gas planet Saturn’s moon Titan orbiting around its planet.This natural color view was created by combining six images captured by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on May 6, 2012.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

Scientists of NASA revealed that Titan the largest moon of Saturn is moving away from the planet 100 times faster than previously believed.

Every moon – like ours which moves 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters) away from earth each year-moves a bit from its planet. As a moon orbits, its gravity pulls on the planet, causing a temporary bulge in the planet as it passes.

scientists thought that they knew the speed with which the titan is drifting away from the ringed planet.

But after the recent data collected by NASA’ s Cassini spacecraft, scientists discovered that Titan is moving away from the planet a hundred times faster than they thought, which is about 4 inches (11 centimeters) per year.

Cassini mission is a joint venture of NASA, ESA (the European Space Agency), and the Italian space agency (ASI).

It is a robotic spacecraft, which was sent to study the mysterious Saturn, its complex rings, and the moon in detail.

The spacecraft carried a probe called Huygens which was parachuted on the surface of Titan in January 2005.

Since then Cassini has discovered a lot about the mysteries of the gas giant and its moon.

The second-largest planet in the solar system Saturn is the most complex and mysterious. This finding of the moon of the planet will help the scientists to know more about it.

While scientists know that Saturn formed 4.6 billion years ago in the early days of the solar system, but they are uncertain when the planet’s complex rings and its system of the moons formed.
Saturn has more than 80 moons.

Titan, One of the moons of Saturn is as interesting as its planet. With 150 known moons of our solar system, It is the only one with a substantial atmosphere.It is larger than the planet mercury.

The second-largest moon, after Ganymede in our solar system, Titan is the only place besides Earth known to have liquids in the form of rivers, lakes, and seas on its surface.

It is currently 759,000 miles (1.2 million kilometers) from Saturn.

The revised rate of its drift suggests that the moon started much closer to Saturn, which would mean the whole system expanded more quickly than previously believed.

“This result brings an important new piece of the puzzle for the highly debated question of the age of the Saturn system and how its moons formed,” said Valery Lainey, lead author of the work published June 8 in Nature Astronomy.

He researched as a scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California before joining the Paris Observatory at PSL University.

This discovery of Titan’s rate of drift explains and predicts how planets affect their moon’s orbit.

For the past 50 years, scientists have applied the formula which was based on classical theories for every moon whether it is a small or a large one.

These theories assumed that the moons, which orbit farther from their host planet’s gravity like Titan migrated outward more slowly than the one which orbits in the close vicinity of their host planet.

“The new measurements imply that these kinds of planet-moon interactions can be more prominent than prior expectations and that they can apply to many systems, such as other planetary moon systems, exoplanets — those outside our solar system — and even binary star systems, where stars orbit each other,” said Fuller, a coauthor of the new paper.

To reach their results, the authors mapped stars in the background of Cassini images and tracked Titan’s position.

To confirm their findings, they compared them with an independent dataset: radio science data collected by Cassini. During ten close flybys between 2006 and 2016, the spacecraft sent radio waves to Earth.

Scientists studied how the signal’s frequency was changed by their interactions with their surroundings to estimate how Titan’s orbit evolved.

“By using two completely different datasets, we obtained results that are in full agreement, and also in agreement with Jim Fuller’s theory, which predicted a much faster migration of Titan,” said coauthor Paolo Tortora, of the Italy’s University of Bologna.

Tortora is a member of the Cassini Radio Science team and worked on the research with the support of the Italian Space Agency.

NASA-Possibility of the parallel world emerge, ANITA! BY sHUBHAM

In a significant turn of events NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), researchers discovered high energy particles erupting from ice in the Antarctic region. Researchers are of the view that these particles are proof of the possibility of the parallel world theory.

What is ANITA?
ANITA (Antarctic impulsive transient antenna) is a radio telescope designed by NASA to detect ultra high-frequency cosmic-ray neutrinos from a scientific balloon flying over Antarctica. ANITA is that the first NASA observatory for neutrinos of any kind.
The neutrinos have energies on the order of 1018 eV and are capable of producing radio pulses in the ice due to the Askaryan effect. Experts believed that high-energy cosmic neutrinos result from the interaction of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays(1020 eV) with the photons of the cosmic microwave background radiation. This is the main reason why it was hoped that ANITA can help in explaining the origin of these cosmic rays
ANITA-I, launched from McMurdo, Antarctica in 2006 and ANITA-II, a modified version of ANITA-I with 40 antennas, was launched from McMurdo Station in 2008. The researchers then launched ANITA-III, which was equipped with systems to improve sensitivity by a factor of 5–10, in December 2014. ANITA-IV was launched in December 2016 with tunable notch filters and an improved trigger system.
As per reports, ANITA has made four flights of Antarctica continent and succeeded to detect numerous cosmic rays coming from the sky within the field of view of this experiment. These radio waves are created by cosmic ray air showers and are reflected off the ice before they reach ANITA.

Why Study Neutrinos?
Neutrinos interest astrophysicists a lot as they are the only particle that can reach earth unattenuated (not reduced, weakened, or lessened in amount) at all energies. This is particularly of interest at high energies where other particles and photon interacts with the photons of the microwave background disallowing them to propagate and survive over long astrophysical distances. It is said – if you want to see the ultra-high energy universe, you should view it through the “light” of neutrinos

What is the Askaryan Effect?
The Askaryan effect is that the phenomenon where a particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of sunshine during a dense dielectric medium (such as salt, ice) produces a shower of secondary charged particles which contain a charge anisotropy and therefore emits a cone of coherent radiation inform of radio or microwave. Generally speaking, it is based on the Cherenkov effect.
High energy processes such as Compton, Bhabha, and Moller scattering in correspondence to positron annihilation rapidly lead to about a 20%-30% negative charge asymmetry in the electron-photon part of a cascade. Since the dimensions of the clump of charged particles are small in comparison to the wavelength of the radio waves, the shower radiates coherent radio Cherenkov radiation whose power is proportional to the square of the net charge in the shower. The net charge in the shower is directly proportional to the primary energy so the radiated power scales quadratically with the shower energy,

A leading researcher stated that the phenomenon is “in strong contradiction with the standard model of physics” and it was recorded by NASA’s Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA).
Earlier, findings were discarded terming them as glitches!
ANITA was successful in detecting the ‘fountain’ of high-energy particles in 2006 and 2014 as well but the researchers initially rejected the findings as background noise or glitches. Lead researcher and University of Hawai Physics Professor Peter Gorham reported that in 2016 the researchers conducted a closer inspection of the data and found phenomenon resembling an “upside-down cosmic-ray shower”.
Please read:-
• https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~jgl/nuastron.html
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askaryan_radiation

KITCHEN- REFLECTS YOUR STYLE

If you think that kitchen is just for cooking then you might be wrong because it is more than that, it is a area where we are automatically added up with new ideas, we share our thoughts or ideas with one another and laugh sometimes. For that I am there for you so that you can never get out from getting new ideas and to continue your fun. Today i came up with a luxury idea of a modern kitchen which will make you feel like you are in future. To make it so i have given “metallic finish” to the kitchen because metallic colour gives a 3d texture to every fitting in the kitchen and will make you feel like real. Everyone knows in the kitchen area we don’t have too much storage so as to keep large appliances like mixers, juicer and grinders and therefore for the solution of that i have made large sliding compartments which will hold any heavy appliance. Many a time we have seen that small jars of spices and pulses are kept here and there just like we see in clothes rack which makes your kitchen looks messy and outdated, for that we have the preference of “upper cabinets” and as well as the “floating shelves” so as to give make it both classic and modern. So as to give that area a bright and airy view we have used metallic cabinets and a soft creamy tile backsplash so as to give whelming view to the kitchen.

I have also try to give a funky finish to the room by adding a countertop space so as to make it both slim and storage by installing it. The other thought that strikes the mind is the bright lighting, for that we have used bright white led on the ceilings so as to provide a sassy lighting to every corner of kitchen. We are using led light strips on the lower ends of the upper cabinets so as to give a bright touch to the platform and make it marvellous. These U shaped kitchens are in trend because it gives more space on workstation to perform any task calmly. We have also tried to do some hidden colour, so why to keep it white if we can use different colour combination inside the cabinets. In modern kitchens we advice people to keep the windows so as to make an entrance of fresh air and to keep small pots so as to give it a nature touch but some does not like to keep the windows. We also used the “electrical chimneys” in the place of exhaust fans because the drawback of exhaust fan is that it is loud and due to excessive usage the oil patches starts to stick on it and becomes difficult to clean it away and will also give a dirty look to the kitchen, that is why we prefer electrical chimneys because they are easy to clean and function silently which gives a modern look to your kitchen


“If you organise your kitchen you will organise your life

Benefits of reading news online.

Benefits of reading news online by Debalina Mukherjee

‘Knowledge is power’ goes an old saying.In this competitive and busy world everyone needs to be up to date and completely aware of what’s going on around us and so reading news hase been an important part of everyone’s life. As a result of the advanced technologies people are now been able to read online news whichi is of great advantage. Gone are the days when people used to wait for their morning newspapers for knowing what is happening across the globe.
Reading online news has made our life easier.We get to know the exact current update within seconds and one does not have to wait for long. Moreover in online news we can make our preferences.. It is true that every individual on this earth is different and their choices vary.. One might like politics while the other likes to read about sports.. In case of online news, this preference can be taken care of.. Whatever we choose to read we can easily get access to that..We are already in an age where people hardly have time to sit at home and relax. Majority of the population remains outside of their house for almost 8-12 hours a day and for them online news is a blessing… It can be read anywhere and there is no such problem of carring extra papers.we can read online news on our laptops, tablets, mobiles. In other words online news makes the authentic news aavailable to lakhs of people within no time.
Online news also has economical benefits.While we need to buy newspapers, most of the online news are free and no extra money is required for reading. When all economists are concerned about our economic growth and environmentalists are worried about saving mother nature, reading news online opens a new gate for the digital India and saves nature since no extra paper is required in the process. Since the environmentalists are repeatedly asking to plant more tress and stop cutting them, e-news actually fits the box.. It can at least decrease the paper reauirement to some extend.
Simultaneously, when we read online news we actually get freedom from our geographical boundaries.. Not all regional language newspapers are available in every region or state..but online news can reach anywhere.. Sitting in one state one can get the news of another state written in anothee language very easily. This facility not only helps in making the news more accessible but it also creates employment in a way… It attracts new readers and gives opportunity to new talents to show show their skills online.. Thus demand and suppy remains balanced.
Again when we talk about aged people they at times face difficulties while reading normal newspapers due to their compromised eyesight and back pain.. But with online news they can easily zoom the words and read while lying on the bed or an armchair which further reduces their strain.Online news also provides them various additional links and suggested pages which gives them more detailed information about the topic.. Some people have a habit of collection data and for them preserving old newspapers becomes very tough at times but in case of online news one can easily download and save the information and can keep it for ages without any damage.
In conclusion I would like to say,that when we have to be absolutely aware of every single thing that is happening around us and be ready for any challenge that life gives us, online news brings the globe within our reach in true sense.

Next pandemic: Mental ILLNESS

Content – This article discusses rise in mental anxiety and depression during Lockdown and Government measure to reduce panic.

  • A survey – 61% Indians are experiencing mental illness related issues due to the uncertainty and financial crisis during the lockdown.
  • Cases of mental illness have risen by 20% since the country went into lockdown.
  • Negative impact of lockdown is heaviest on poor people, daily wages workers, slums and people out of the mainstream.
  • Depression, domestic violence, cases of divorce, suicidal are increased in pandemic due to mental illness.

Corona Virus pandemic has caused severe threats to the lives and the mental health of people.  In response to the problems posed by the pandemic, various public health strategies such as isolation of infected or at-risk persons, reduction of social contact, and simple hygiene like frequent hand wash, have been advised to reduce the risk of infection. Although isolation helps in achieving the goal of reducing infections, reduced access to family, friends, and other social support systems causes loneliness increasing mental issues like anxiety and depression.

Lockdown may be ending but a new pandemic is emerging. According to a survey by Indian Psychiatry Society, within a week of the start of the lockdown, the number of reported cases of mental illness in India had risen by 20%.India will suffer from a massive mental health crisis due to unemployment, alcohol abuse, economic hardship, domestic violence and indebtedness.

The lockdown applied to three main areas: physical movement out of the home, social distancing when outside the home, and restricted availability of most public services while sparing essential services. There was a sudden and drastic alteration in the daily routine, with many millions stranded in boarding houses and rental apartments, without work and far from home.

Lockdown effects on mental status of –

  • Students- shutting down of schools after lockdown announcement. As per the present situation, there is uncertainty when schools, colleges will reopen. This is the crucial time for education sector because of entrance exams of universities and competitive exams,this uncertainty has increased mental anxiety among students.
  • Unemployed people- This pandemic situation has increased burden on unemployed students who were in seek of placements and jobs. Due to high loss in economical conditions of the country, marketinh companies are in loss which leads more to uncertain conditions for hiring students.
  • Daily wage workers- During this lockdown, industries are also at its financial loss, they are unable to pay their workers which leads them to mental and living distress, anxiety among them.
  • Old and sick people- senior citizens during this lockdown has been effected a lot. Daily morning and evening walk, away from thier social circle has lead to both health and mental illness among them. People who are dealing with other chronic diseases like cancer, kidney related, etc are suffering in homes due to closure of OPD’s. This causes mental tension for survival in them.

Mental health is a crucial aspect that needs to be addressed during this lock-down as all modes of communication revolve around the virus.

The central government has taken measures in this regard and has ensured the seepage of rules and measures to both state and local administration.

  • There is a Government controlled website- https://www.mygov.in/covid-19/ provides all the necessary information related to the pandemic. This includes videos and readable material on the infection and the necessary measures to be undertaken.
  • Also, very essentially, and in relevance to the topic of this article, a toll-free helpline number “+91−80-45110007″ has been launched by the “National Institute of Mental Health and Neuri-Sciences” (NIMHANS), a Bengaluru based premier medical institution.

In conclusion, to overcome the challenges created by the Covid-19 pandemic, what we need more than anything else is our mental health. Let’s take good care of it.