PATTIKONDA:17/07/2020.

The term cropping system refers to the crops, crop sequences and management techniques used on a particular agricultural field over a period of years. It includes all spatial and temporal aspects of managing an agricultural system.modern agriculture is increasingly concerned with promoting environmental sustainability in cropping systems.

Crop choice is the main aspect in crop system.Farmer must consider its profitability, adaptability to changing conditions, resistance to disease, and requirement for specific technologies during growth or harvesting.Managing crop residues is important in most systems. Some of the nutrients contained in these dead tissues are made available to crops during decomposition, reducing the need for fertiliser inputs. 

Tillage is the primary method by which farmers manage crop residues.Leaving residues on the soil surface results in a mulching effect which helps control erosion,prevents excessive evaporation, and suppresses weeds. Burning are next step for crop In some systems residues are burned. This is a fast and cheap way to clear a field in preparation for the next planting, and can assist with pest control

Nutrients are depleted during crop growth, and must be renewed or replaced. A large component of the organic farming movement is a preference for organic-source fertilisers.Soil moisture content is an important factor in plant development. Irrigation and fine-textured amendments can be used to increase soil moisture

The most important factor of crop system is Removal of crop residues.  crop residues may be removed and used for human or animal consumption, or other purposes. This provides a secondary source of sustenance or income, but precludes the benefits associated with leaving residues within the system.

PATTIKONDA:16/07/2020.

No-till farming ,also known as zero tillage or direct drilling is an agricultural technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage.No-till farming decreases the amount of soil erosion. tillage causes in certain soils, especially in sandy and dry soils on sloping terrain

The effects of tillage can include soil compaction loss of organic matters; degradation of soil aggregates; death or disruption of soil microbes and other organisms including mychorrazea, arthopods, and earth worms; and soil erosionwhere top soil is washed or blown away. Tillage is the Agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation

The uses of tillages are In some cases it may reduce labour, fuel, irrigation and machinery costs.No-till can increase yield because of higher water infiltration and storage capacity, and less erosion.it reduces costs like A combination of technique, equipment, pesticides, crop rotation, fertilization, and irrigation have to be used for local conditions.

It used for One of the purposes of tilling is to remove weeds. No-till farming changes weed composition: faster growing weeds may be reduced as increased competitions with eventual growth of perninals, shrubs and trees. No-till occasionally uses  cover crops to help control weeds and increase organic residue in the soil 

No-till farming reduces nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions by 40-70%, depending on rotation.Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas, 300 times stronger than CO2, and stays in the atmosphere for 120 years.No-till farming improves aggregates and reduces erosion Soil erosion might be reduced almost to soil production rates.

But it have some draw backs like using morr herbicides and again and again tillage,risks to control weeds,take more time to yields and less crop yield.

PATTIKONDA:16/07/2020.

Environmental impact of Agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them. The environmental impact of Agriculture varies based on wide variety. It also depend on other climatic changes such as rainfall and temperature. The environmental impact depends on production practices of system used by farmers

There are two types of indicators of environmental impact: “means-based”, which is based on the farmer’s production methods, and “effect-based”, which is the impact that farming methods have on the farming system or on emissions to the environment. Some of the environmental issues that are related to agriculture are climate change, deforestation, dead zones, genetic engineering, irrigation problems, pollutants, soil degradation, and waste.

Climatic changes and Agriculture are interrelated process, Global warming is projected impacts like temperature, precipitation,glacial runoff. Rising carbondioxide effects both detrimental, beneficial on crop yields. The radioactive forcing, Land use, deforestation, desertification change global warming which is reduce rains.

• Deforestation causes loss of habit for millions of species. It isalso known as climatic changer. It reduces water cycle,which water vapour back to the environment. The removal of trees also causes extreme fluctuations on temperature
• Irrigation can led to number of problems. If we over irrigated,it leads to water pollution ,soil degradation,chemical pollution and salinity increases.
• Pollutants like fertilizers,pesticides,herbicides can control pests but degrade soil nutrients and fertility. It residue in foods,air pollutants spray,bio remedies.
• Wastes like Agricultural,animals,plastic reduces soil nature.

By using organic materials and primitive farming we can reduce environmental impacts on farming.Major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and resource depletion.  If we resolve we can sustain more farming.

Subsistence agriculture occurs when farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families. In subsistence agriculture, farm output is targeted to survival and is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus. 

Subsistence agriculture was predominant in parts of Asia, especially India, and later emerged in various areas including Mexico.In Central and Eastern Europe subsistence and semi-subsistence agriculture reappeared within the transition economy since about 1990.

Subsistence farming continues today in large parts of rural Africa, and parts of Asia and Latin America. In 2015, about 2 billion people (slightly more than 25% of the world’s population) in 500 million households living in rural areas of developing nations survive as “smallholder” farmers, working less than 2 hectares(5 acres) of land.

There are four types of subsistence farming They are shifting farming that is used for fodder crops and leave after yield. Nomadic farming is changing one place to one along with animals and tools. Primitive farming is like slash and burn of field to cultivate. Intensive subsistence farming is using simple tools and more labour at small area.

Subsistence agriculture can be used as a poverty alleviation strategy, specifically as a safety net for food-price shocks and for food security. Subsistence agriculture can be used in low-income countries as a part of policy responses to a food crisis in the short and medium term, and provide a safety net for the poor in these countries.