It was retired English civil servant,A.O.Hume,who mobilised leading intellectuals of the time and, with their corporation, organized the first session of the Indian national Congress at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay in December 1885. As a prelude to this, two sessions of the Indian national conference had being held in 1883 and 1885, which had representatives drawn from all major towns of India.Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose were the main architects of the Indian national conference.The first session of the Indian National Congress was attended by 72 delegates and presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee.Hereafter,the Congress met every year in December,in a different part of the country each time.

Some of the great presidents of the Congress during this early phase were Dadabhai Naoroji,Badruddin Tyabji,Pherzoeshah Mehta,P.Anandacharlu,Surendranath Banerjee,Romesh Chandra Dutt,Bal Gangadhar Tilak,Sisir Kumar Ghosh,Motilal Ghosh,Madan Mohan Malaviya,G.Subramania Aiyar,etc. In 1890,Kadambini Ganguly,the first woman graduate of Calcutta University,addressed the Congress Session,which symbolised the commitment of the freedom struggle to give the women of India their due status in national life. There is a theory that Hume formed the Congress with the idea that it would prove to be a `safety valve` for releasing the growing discontent of the Indians.To This end,he convinced Lord Dufferin not to obstruct the formation of the Congress.

The extremist leaders like Lala Lajpat Rai believed in the `safety valve’ theory.Even the Marxist historian’s ‘conspiracy theory’was an offspring of the ‘safety valve’ notion.For exampleR.P. Dutt opined that the Indian National Congress was born out of a conspiracy to abort a popular uprising in India and the bourgeois leaders were a party to it.

Aims and Objectives of the Congress

The main aims of the Indian National Congress in the initial stage were to:

(i)found a democratic,nationalist movement (ii)politicise and politically educate people.

(iii) Establish a movement headquarters.

(iv) Promote friendly relations between nationalist politicians in different parts of the country.

(v) Development and dissemination of the idealism of anti-colonial nationalists.

(vi) Develop and precede the general government’s requirement to unite people around a common economic and political program.

(vii) Foster and promote and nurture Indian nationhood.

The opinion that education should be free for everyone is quite a controversial subject. The reason behind this controversy is an enormous expenditure invested by governments as well as private sectors in this particular field. Therefore, it’s hard to state that this viewpoint of not charging for education could become very beneficial for the country and their economic growth.

Education is the process of acquisition of knowledge, values, skills, morals, beliefs, habits, personal development etcetera. This is the method to facilitate an enlightening experience via teaching, training, research, discussion etcetera. Education is a give and take process the more we spread the more we build our knowledge and wisdom.

If we look back to History then we’ll notice about the partiality of the education system such as poor societies didn’t have had rights to afford knowledge and caste-racism was always being there. Moreover, only fortunate communities have the opportunities to avail the education . The mentioned illustration create chaos in the well- being society and it’s diverted many talented pupils taste of the glory of success, pride. However in present era government enacted various rules and regulations with schemes which upholds the nation’s equality.

Today’s education system is pretty advance but bit a negotiable business as well. This is because in the 21st century of the education system provides not only the components of learning knowledge and building a career even though extracurricular activities are also presented there but in an expensive amount. As we know the education system working for raising of money not for raising the education. These indicates that we have again reached the same place where we had started yet the large area of the people in the society can’t afford a quality based education for their offspring’s to build their knowledge. The inability of individuals to save money to pay for kid’s schools, universities and tuition fees causes anxiety and stress for the middle class society. It indicates that the richness of the country doesn’t define a poor person’s woe. They doesn’t feel that they are enough able to produce their kid’s future bright with proper education.

However, the free of cost education system helps the availability of knowledge, skills, values, morals etcetera for everyone and with an adequate guidance they reach to the peak of success. Eventually nothing seems to be more beneficial to the economy than the intelligent nation. A few initial works such improvement will bring happiness to the entire country. The free access to knowledge works for underprivileged children to improve their quality of living style. Education is the basis of our successful journey.

There changed into infrequently any component of the Indian economic system that changed into now no longer modified for higher or for worse for the duration of the whole length of British rule right all the way down to 1947.

The financial rules accompanied via way of means of the British caused the Rapid transformation of India`s economic system right into a colonial economic system whose nature and shape had been decided via way of means of the desires of the British economic system. In this admire the British conquest of India differed from all preceding overseas conquests. The preceding conquerors had overthrown Indian political powers, however had made no fundamental modifications withinside the country’s financial shape. They had progressively emerge as part of Indian existence, political in addition to financial.The Peasant,the artisan and the dealer had non-stop to guide the identical kind of lifestyles as before. The fundamental financial pattern, that of the self enough ruler economic system, were perpetuated.

Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen-

The break of Indian Industries, mainly rural artisan Industries, proceeded even extra swiftly as soon as the Railways had been built. The Railways enabled British manufactures to attain and uproot the conventional industries withinside the remotest villages of the country. As the American writer, the D.H. Buchanan,has placed it, “The Armour of the remoted self-enough village changed into pierced via way of means of the Steel rail, and its existence blood ebbed away”. The Cotton-weaving and spinning industries had been the worst hit. Silk and woollen textiles fared no higher and a comparable destiny overtook the iron, Pottery glass, paper, metals,guns, shipping, oil- pressing, tanning, and Dyeing industries. The excessive import responsibilities and different regulations imposed at the import of Indian items into Britain and Europe for the duration of the 18th and nineteenth centuries, mixed with the improvement of current production industries in Britain caused the digital remaining of European markets to Indian producers of the 1820. The slow disappearance of Indian rulers and their courts had been the principle clients of the Handicrafts produced additionally provide a huge blow to those industries. “For instance, the Indian states had been absolutely depending on the British withinside the manufacturing of army weapons.”The British bought all their army and different authorities shops in Britain. Morever, Indian rulers and nobles had been changed as the ruling elegance via way of means of British officers and army officers who patronised their personal home- merchandise nearly exclusively. This extended the value of Handicrafts and decreased their ability to compete with overseas items.

Impoverishment of the Peasantry-

The Peasant changed into additionally gradually impoverished below British rule. Although he changed into now unfastened from inner wars,his cloth situations deteriorated and he progressively shank into poverty. The situation of the cultivators withinside the Ryotwari and Mahalwari regions changed into no higher. Here the authorities took the vicinity of the zamindars and levied immoderate land sales which changed into in starting constant as excessive as one-1/3 to one-1/2 of of the produce.Heavy evaluation of land changed into one of the important reasons of the boom of poverty and the deterioration of agriculture withinside the nineteenth century.

Ruin Of Old Zamindars and Rise of New Landlordism-

The first few a long time of British rule witnessed the break of maximum of the vintage zamindars in Bengal and Madras. The everlasting agreement in North Madras and the transient Zamindari agreement in Uttar Pradesh had been fast Harsh at the neighborhood Zamindars. But the situation of the Zamindar quickly advanced radically. In order to permit the zamindars to pay the land sales in time, the government extended their strength over the tenants via way of means of extinguishing the conventional rights of the tenants. The Zamindars now got down to push up the rents to the maximum limit. Consequently, they swiftly grew in prosperity.In the Ryotwari regions too the gadget of landlord-tenant family members unfold progressively. As we’ve got visible above, an increasing number of land handed into the fingers of cash lenders, merchants, and wealthy peasants who generally were given the land cultivated via way of means of tenants. One purpose why the Indian moneyed instructions had been eager to shop for land and emerge as landlords changed into the absence of powerful shops for funding in their capital in industry.

The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen or even touched . They must be felt within the heart . This is a quote by Helen Adams Keller, we all have read about her in our school textbooks but have you ever tried to go beyond what books taught you ? If no, then you must. Her autobiography titled “The Story Of My Life ” is a must read book not just because it inspires people in so many ways to get out of your comfort zone and hustle to achieve your goals and aspirations but also because it teaches us that no problem in this world is big if you are determined to tackle it. So, Let’s talk about 7 reasons why you must read Helen Keller’s autobiography :-

1. The book depicts the greatest lesson that is the value of PERSEVERANCE & HARDWORK. It talks about how a blind and deaf girl with her hard work and never giving up attitude is able to achieve what many would consider impossible. She says ” Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement .Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.”
2. Secondly , there is nothing impossible in this world. Only condition is- one must get association of able and right persons .She talks about her teacher ANNE SULLIVAN and says that it was her teacher who unfolded the mysteries of the world to her. She says ” When she came, everything about me breathed of love & joy & was full of meaning. She has never since let pass an opportunity to point out the beauty that is in everything , nor has she ceased trying in thought & action & example to make my life sweet & useful.”
3. Thirdly, a teacher can be a true guide & philosopher if he/she takes his/her job sincerely. And if he/she performs it honestly even mountains can give safe passage. Any teacher can take a child to the classroom, but not every teacher can make him learn. He will not work joyously until he feels that liberty is his, whether he is busy or at rest; he must feel the flush of victory & the heart sinking of disappointment before he takes with a will the tasks distasteful to him & resolves to dance his way bravely through a dull routine of textbooks.
4. Fourthly, a pupil must have unflinching faith in her teacher. Helen Keller says ” My teacher is so near to me that I scarcely think of myself apart from her . How much of my delight in all beautiful things is innate , & how much is due to her influence , I can never tell, I feel that her being is inseparable from my own ,& that the footsteps of my life are in hers. All the best of my belongs to her—there is not a talent , or an aspiration, or a joy in me that has not been awakened by her loving touch.
5. Fifthly, the only religion in the world is ‘the religion of universal love’. The sooner it is understood, the better it would be . She says ” The only thing worse than being blind is having sight but no vision”.
6. Sixthly, whenever stress and strain envelopes a person , he should look into his mind & try to understand the situation and devise ways to come out of it. She says ” Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened , vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved. Although the world is full of suffering , it is full also of the overcoming of it”.
7. Seventhly, one should not form on opinion which is unchangeable & staunch. One must be ready to undergo change & accept & adopt what is right & correct . Dogmatic attitude can never help. Very rightly said by her ” The highest result of education is tolerance . True education combines intellect, beauty, goodness, & the greatest of these is goodness . “

Last thing I would like to drive in your mind is that there are people in this world who have suffered so much , gone through a lot in their lives emotionally , physically sometimes mentally but they came out victorious only because of their hard work , dedication , and never giving up attitude. And may be Helen Keller has left us physically but her story will continue to inspire generations .

Gandhi’s Eleven Demands- To continue the mission given by the Lahore Parliament, Gandhi presented the government with 11 requests and issued an ultimatum on January 31, 1930 to accept or reject these requests.

The request is as follows:

Issues of general concern 1. Reduce spending on military and public services by 50%.

An archive is a collection of historical records and documents, usually primary sources, that is, documents created as a necessary part of administrative, legal, social, or commercial activity. They are unique / original documents that have not been consciously created or created to convey information to future generations. An important part of the archives related to modern India are official records, that is, articles of government agencies at various levels.

The East India Company records detail the trade situation from 1600 to 1857. When the King of England took over, it also held a large variety of official records. These records help historians track all major developments step by step, tracking the decision-making process and the psychology of policy makers. Records from other European East India companies such as Portuguese, Dutch and French also help build the history of the 17th and 18th centuries. They are especially important from an economic history perspective, but you can also learn a lot about political constellations.

There are four categories in official records 1. Central Government Archives 2. State government Archives 3.records of intermediate and subordinate authorities 4. Judicial records

Apart from these there a private Archives and archival sources available abroad.

Central Government Archives

The National Archives of India located in New Delhi, contains most of the Archives of the Government of India. These provide authentic and reliable source materials on varied aspects of modern Indian history. The records of the National Archive of Japan are divided into different groups representing different branches of the Secretariat at different stages of their development.

State Government Archive

The State Archives source documentation contains the following files: (i) Former British state of India. (ii) The former feudal kingdom and the former feudal lords incorporated into the Indian Union after 1947 (iii) Foreign governments other than the United Kingdom.

In addition, records of parts of India that have been taken over by Britain, such as the archives of the Kingdom of Lahore, are important sources. Another important collection of India’s pre-British archives is Peshwa Daftar, housed in the Alienation Bureau of Pune. It is the single most valuable source of information for studying the history of Marathi for almost a century before the collapse of Peshwa in .

Court record

The mayor’s court archive of Fort St. George, housed in the Madras Records office in , is the earliest available court archive since 1689 AD. The records of the Mayor’s Court of Fort Williams before Placey have been lost, but the 177573 records are kept in the Bengal Supreme Court’s archive in the Calcutta High Court Archive Room . Similarly, records from the Mayor of Bombay, founded in 1728, are available at the Archives Office of the Maharashtra Secretariat, which also maintains the archives of the Bombay Records Court and the Supreme Court.