English literature refers to all the works that are written in English language.Literature of a country actually depicts the social,economic and political background of that country and gives the vivid idea of the changes that take place over the years. .Starting from short stories or novellas to novels and dramas,English literature is considered to be vast and huge and at times a bit tough to grasp.In order to understand English language and literature one has to study it deeply by reading its history,different English writers and their work.
Studying English language and literature does not simply mean reading English writers. While studying English language and literature we see that there are different periods and these periods show different ages through which English literature has evolved. These periods give profound information about the background of English literature and how it has changed. The different periods are given below along with their years:-
450-1066 – Old English [also known as Anglo Saxon Period]
1066-1500 – Middle English Period
1500-1600 -The Renaissance
1558-1603 -Elizabethan Age
1603-1625- Jacobean Age
1625-1660-Commonwealth Period
1660-1785- The Neo classical Period
1660-1700-The Restoration
1700-1745-The Augustan Age[Age of Pope]
1745-1785-The Age of Sensibility [Age of Johnson]
1785-1830-The Romantic age
1832-1901-The Victorian Period
1848-1860-The Pre Raphaelites
1880-1901-Aesthetism
1901-1914 -The Edwardian Period
1910-1936-The Georgian Period
1914- The Modern age
1945-Post Modernism
Now,the English writers were born in these periods and they have written mesmerizing masterpieces that has contribited to make English literature what it is today.The different periods along with the writers that were born in that age along with their famous writings are discussed in a nut shell.
During the Anglo Saxon Period, the Norman Conquest took place in 1066 and after the Romans left in 410,the British population became open to the inroads of the invaders from the north. Many of the poems of this age have the features which are associated with the pagan past, namely Widsith and Beowulf. Among all the Old English poets we find the direct mention of Caedmon. The name of another poet is Cynewulf. We get to know about him because he had signed his poems in runic letters at the end of four poems. Many of the prose and poetry have been translated from Latin. The works for translation were the books of Bible., the lives of the saints and many works of practical nature. Regarding the manuscripts, only a portion has survided. The theme of the poem Beowulf is Continental German.’Widsith’ is considered to be the oldest poem in English language which consists of 150 lines of verse. In the poem a traveller, considered to be more imaginary than real recounts the places and the illustrious people that he had visited. From the historical point of view the poem is very important. ‘Waldere’ consists of two fragments and is of sixty lines and talks about some of the exploits of Aquintaine. Again ‘The Battle of Maldon ‘describes the battle that took place in 993 and’ ‘The Battle of Brunanburh’ is a piece based on the war of 937. Then there are some elegies like ‘The Wanderer’, ‘The Seafarer’, ‘The Wife’s Lament’and ‘The husband’s Message’ that are found in the Exeter Book.
The Middle English Period is considered to be the period of transition and of experiment. And most of the surviving works are poetry. Poetry of Middle English can be classified unto three groups:-
(1) Chronicles-
(a) Layamon’s Brut-It was written in 1205 by Layamon and it has sixteen thousand alternative lines about the history of Britain from the landing of Brute to the death of Cadwallader.
(b) Robert of Gloucester-He is known for his rhyming chronicle.
(2) Religious and Didactic poetry-‘The Ormulum’ was witten by Orm in 1200,of enormous length(ten thousand lines even incomplete) It was written in North East Midlands dialect.
(3)”The owl and the Nightingale’ is propably written in the eary part of the 13 th century.
The alliterative poems include ‘Pearl’,Purity’, ‘Patience’. Moreover there are numerous romances concered loosely or closely with King Arthur-‘Arthur and Merlin’, ‘Morte d Arthur’, The matter of Rome, ‘Matter of France’
One of the famous writers of this period is Chaucer. He was born in 1340 in London. His literary career was divided into 3 periods-French, Italian and English.One of his most famous works is ‘Canterbury Tales’
Beast epics were also found during this age like ‘The fox and the Woolf’,Chaucer’s’The Nun Priest’s Tale”.Pier’s the Plowman’ is an allegorical poem written in old alliterative meter in the later part of 14 th century. The author is taken to be William Langland.
The Renaissance was started in Italy specially in art and architecture. Renaissance signified the adoption of humanist philosophy.It was the beginning of the modern world in the areas of geography ,science, religion, politics, society and art. London became the capital city of England. New literary genres such as essay(Montaigue), new metrical forms such as sonnets (Petriarch) and Spenserian stanza actually made their appearance. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music.
Spenser is considered to be one of the finest writes of Elizabethan age. ‘The Shepherd’s Calender’ was published in 1579 and this had marked his formal entry as a new poet. He is considered to be the first modern poet to exploit true poetic resources of English language. Again John Donne belonged to the school of Metaphysical poets.. He was born in 1573 in London. He had written satires like ‘Of the Progress of the Soul’.’Songs and Sonnets’is Donne’s love poem. His poems are extremely personal and reveal a complex being for example ‘Extasie’, He had written 19 holy sonnets and his prose include ‘Sermons’, ‘The Pseudo Martyr”During the Elizabethan Age we also find some poets who were called The University Wits. This group consisted of writers like Christopher Marlowe whose works include ‘Dr. Faustus’, ‘Jew of Malta’, ‘Tanburlaine the Great’., Thomas Nash whose only surviving play is ‘Summer’s Last Will’ and the Testament’. Another work is ‘The Unfortunate Traveller’, Thomas Lodge who collaborated with Shakespeare in ‘Henry 4’, Robert Greene, George Peele who used to write in blank verse and Thomas kyd whose most famous work is ‘Spanish Tragedy’. Ben Jonson is another famous writer and his most successful play is ‘Man in His Humour”. Shakespeare is one of the finest English writers and his famous works include’The Merchant of Venice’, ‘Romeo And Juliet’, ”Hamlet’. John Milton’s famous writing ‘Paradise Lost ‘ is considered to be a masterpiece.
During the romantic age emphasis was given to self expression and emotions.The famous Romantic writers include Wordsworth, Coledrige, Byron, Shelley, Keats. Wordsworth was born at Cockermouth and his famous works include’Prelude’ and ‘Daffodils’. Coleridge was born in Devonshire and some of his most famous works are ‘Kubla Khan’ and ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’One of the most famous writings of Shelley is ‘Ode to the West Wind’and Keats’s most famous works include’Ode to a Nightingale’ and ‘To Autumn’.
The victorian age can be considered to be the age of peace. Some of the famous Victorian writers are Jane Austen, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, William Blake.E.B.Browning has written ‘The Seraphim and Other Poems’ and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’. Tennyson was born in this age and some of his works are ‘Ulysses’,’The Princess’ etc. Christina Rossetti was a Victorian woman poet and her most famous collections ‘Goblin Market and other poems ‘appeared in 1862.It received widespread critical praise. She has also written a book of devotional prose called’ The Face of the Deep’.
Some of the modern day poets include Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. Moreover Virginia Woolf who has written ‘To the Lighthouse’ and T. S. Eliot who has writen The Wasteland’ are considered to be the greatest modernist writers.
To conclude English Literature is the amalgamation of beautiful masterpieces written by exceptionally talented writers who have given their thoughts a character, emotions a life and imagination a shape.. There are various genres and sub genres and the history of evolution of English literature is itself the evidence of its richness.
A SHORT GUIDEBOOK TO DARJEELING
Darjeeling Is named as the “Queen Of the Himalayas” as the lushy green slopes of tea leaves with women plucking tea act as dots leaves a breathtaking memory in our minds forever.The untouched beauty coupled with the picturesque view of mountains along with the availability of unique variety of tea exported everywhere makes it a go to place for people residing in the Eastern Part of the Country.
How To Get Into Darjeeling?
Darjeeling being a small town , has tourist visiting from all over India. By Plane, the nearest airport is Bagdogra, near Siliguri. It’s a 96 km drive from Bagdogra to Darjeeing, which is approximately a 3 hour drive. By Train, the nearest railway station is New Jalpaiguri .The railway route is well connected to cities like Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati , etc. We took The Darjeeling Mail from Kolkata, which takes approximately 12 hours, the next best alternative is the Paharia Express, which takes almost the same number of hours. From New Jalpaiguri , we ‘ve to take the famous “Toy Train” to the city of tea leaves. It’s difficult to get hold of the tickets of the toy train during the summer months, because of high rush of tourist.
The tracks running across the town surrounded by emarald green plantations, is a popular subject of visit for tourists. It’s the picturesque mountainous scenery is the reason why so many romantic movies have been filmed ,and Darjeeling has been mentioned in articles of romantic subject .The toy train stops at the Ghoom junction, running 360 degree around the Batasia Loop. What makes it all the more famous, is the fact that it was listed as World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Buses are a convenient option for the ones who ’re backpacking, and for people who’ve money constraint. Private taxis are a convenient option for family people. Back when I visited Darjeeling in the year of 2016, shared jeeps would charge Rs. 150-200 (depending the number of riders sharing the ride).
Best time of the year to take a break
Darjeeling is a backpacker’s delight and honeymooner’s dream.The best time to visit Darjeeling is between the months April-June, when the temperature is around 25 degree Celsius. While there are some honeymoon couples who wishes to go at the time of winter i.e.,October-January when the temperature drops down to below 10 degree Celsius.
Best places to Pose for a Camera
The first to top the list, is everyone’s favourite The Tiger Hills .Before the dawn cracks, witnessing the first rays of sun, hitting the Kanchenjunga peaks , it makes the Perfect Sunrise. Panoramic view of the toy train around Batasia Loops is a sight to die for. Animal lovers cannot miss paying visit to the Padmaja Naidu Zoological Park, where Red Pandas, Tibetan Wolves, Himalayan bears could be spotted. Tourists in huge numbers are found around the Ghoom Monastery , one of the oldest monastery in the region. The Peace Pagoda is the best place for relaxation , and for mental peace.
Wondering Where To Grab A Bite In Darjeeling?
Darjeeling is the Hub to multi-cuisines , since it caters to the needs of tourists from all over the world. The most famous street food are Momos and Thukpa, available in all the forms for food lovers. When in Darjeeling, you just cannot leave without tasting the authentic tea leaves. Chaang, a local brew, similar to beer served in bamboo sticks catched eyeballs. For tea addicts like me, Darjeeling seemed to be next to heaven. If you fancy spice, treat your taste buds with the Dalle. Dalle is a locally made pickle, which would surely sent a burning sensation down your spills.
The Best Stop For Bargain Hunting
Never thought my mother’s obsession over collecting unique jewellery items, would lead us to the Mall Road, a place worth visiting. The atmosphere there had vibes which would remind anyone of the ancient Buddhist culture depicted in their art, paintings ,etc. For those who admire arts and culture, must pay a visit to the Nehru Road which is famous for Buddha statues, knives, handbags, exotic Tibetan items used as souvenir. The Tibetan Self help centre is one of the few best places known for unique carpets.
Snow capped Himalayan Peaks, the cute Himalayan train , beautiful tea garden amidst the rolling hills ,along with the Tibetan influence of arts, culture and cuisine the town has a lot to offer.
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HUMAN RIGHTS AND PRAGMATISM: TORTURE
By Kartik Sharma
INTRODUCTION
‘No one shall be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.’[1]
While, by a long shot, the vast majority of the countries have confirmed all the significant human rights traditions, however encroachment of Human rights remains normal. Torture is one of them. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984,[2] defines torture as “an act involving agony or suffering; physical or mental, perpetrated upon the victim for a specific reason”.[3] This act is in with the association of an open (for example, State) authority.[4] Further, this enduring must be extreme, purposeful, and baseless in the condition.[5] It has evolved and has become more prevalent juxtaposed with civilisation.
Moreover, as the world evolved, torture strategies turned out to be increasingly specialised, progressively clinical. Torture hardware has turned into a product to be purchased and sold. Governments traded tips on effective torture procedures, and all this despite knowing that torture has turned out to be illicit as indicated by the said universal law.[6] “With this, a debate whether torture can ever be morally and practically justified, arises?” Is it practically and morally justifiable for an individual or a state to extort to torture to extract information or confession which could save a case? Could we have exceptions to anti-torture laws like a necessity in ticking time scenarios?
DISCUSSION
Justification
Torture is brimming with complexities and logical inconsistencies. The legislature, the torturer, even the general population, may legitimise its utilisation in specific conditions, while conventional society denounces it as primitive, underhanded, and bygone. The government may goad this support with stock reactions, for example, national security.
The proclaimed reason for utilising torture is to constrain the enemy, the outsider, to talk and uncover secrets. This disclosure should hinder the slaughtering of the insiders. These lines of thinking are so smooth and shortsighted that it is promptly and uncritically acknowledged. Showing the issues this way gives support and legitimacy to torture.[7]
‘Be that as it may, creating conventions criminalising torture is certain something, and its enforceability is another. Here, as so regularly, where we make laws to control what individuals can and cannot do, we are looked with issues which are characteristics of human instinct. It is an unpreventable actuality of the human condition that we feel pain. We dread pain. This sense of pain and suffering is a reality which we can all use for our benefit. Intensely painful things have considerably more harming results. Therefore, the curse of agony on others is a weapon, particularly in the hands of the deceitful. This fear constrains individuals and their individuality, and torture is a method for imparting fear.’[8]
Though every human being has a right to be free from torture, and we have laws for it as well, but if one looks it with a pragmatic approach one cannot separate the world from torture. In all the countries, the intelligence agency extorts to torturous acts to extract information from captured terrorist, and this is omnipresent. Every movie, drama or documentary depicts the same situations. This ubiquitousness clearly shows that there arise situations where pragmatically one cannot avoid to extort to torture.
There are circumstances in which it is not passable, however ethically required, to torture. For instance, in 1998, an Israeli delegation appeared before the UN Committee against Torture.[9] Allegedly, Israel violated the UN Convention against Torture. In their defence, they put forth the famous ‘ticking bomb’ scenario.[10] They state that,
“On the off chance that we did not put weight on Palestinians for the following strike, nobody will ever know where and when the following suicide bomb is going to strike, and now and again we are in uncommon circumstances where we have to get indispensable data from a psychological militant or a potential fear-based oppressor to keep a further demonstration of dread.”[11]
In another example, in 1982, a man named Michael Levin placed a bomb on Manhattan Island.[12] The location of the bomb was unknown. In this situation, the authorities had no other alternative to get the location of the bomb then resorting to torture.
Counter Justification
All these excuses legitimising torture does not mean that one has the right to torture every enemy of the state. “Torture is always wrong.”[13] While it is conceivable that torture may yield dependable insight, we cannot resort to it with any certainty of gaining verified information. Additionally, we ought not to accept that torture is compelling to this end because those with a particular enthusiasm for supporting torment guarantee that it works.[14] Neither would we be sure that torture was the only method to acquire essential data. There is absolutely no solid proof that points towards the far-reaching utility of torture for this reason. Moreover, authorities who guarantee torture has worked along these lines never provided cases in which torture has brought about false admissions or manufactured insight. However, there is sufficient proof to demonstrate that casualties of torment will say anything to end torture.[15]
While it is conceivable that torture may result in some valid insights, it is also unmistakably bound to result in false admissions. It is so because an extorted person looked with the awfulness of torture, is probably going to state anything that will make the torture stop. Torture is exceedingly successful for verifying false data. Despite this, the justification for torture has been made based on its assumed utility for procuring precise intelligence data.[16]
CONCLUSION
Torture is primitive, and a state ought not to be savage. To treat somebody savagely dissolves the authenticity of the state. It on an elementary level disregards humanity. Wing-Commander of Indian Air Force Abhinandan Varthaman was also mentally tortured despite being an unarmed soldier of an enemy state. All over the globe, similar cases occur round the clock. It is not right. With all possible outcomes, one cannot disregard the fact that torturing someone is not the best and reliable way to extract information. Just to save oneself from brutality the tortured person can say anything without regarding the viability of the info.
Further, extorting to torture fades away the true meaning of interrogation which is to get reliable and viable info; and, not to make other people talk. Likewise, no state should justify acts of torture, and for ticking clock scenarios, countries around the globe should make efforts to come up with a plausible solution. They can work on making policies for resorting to different consensual biological tests and hypnosis to gain information at the last minute; paying all regards to the legality of such tests.
[1] Universal declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Article- 5.
[2]United Nations Convention Against Torture, 1984, Article- 1.1.
[3] Ibid.
[4]Darren J. O’Byrne, Human Rights: An Introduction 164 (2004).
[5]Ibid.
[6]Ibid.
[7]Ibid.
[8] David Hope, Torture, 53(4) International and Comparative Law quarterly 808 (2004).
[9] Blakeley Ruth, Why Torture, 33(3) Review of International Studies 377 (2007).
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Yuval Ginbar, Why not torture terrorist? 359(2008).
[13] Ben Juratowitch, Torture is Always Wrong, 22(2) Public Affairs Quarterly 81 (2008).
[14] Ibid.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Ibid.
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How To Stay motivated During A Lockdown Crisis?
When confirmed cases of Covid-19 are rising each day it is causing a lot of stress and anxiety among people. They are in state of panic as it has worsen their lives and livelihoods. At present when there is no possible treatment of Coronavirus the only cure is social distancing.
This pandemic induced lockdown was imposed by government to stop the chain of Coronavirus and to save lives of our loved ones. Soon this lockdown was followed by social distancing and quarantine. I know being at homes for several days may sound like a cabin fever but if we want to survive the norms of social distancing must be followed.
So stop now, each day thinking what will happen in future? When will this lockdown period get over? When will markets, schools and offices will open? Think now how to better utilize this precious time. Invest your energy and mind in productive stuff. This will bring positivity in your life.
Here are a few simple tips to help you motivated, productive and most importantly positive during this crucial time.
Set your goal – This is the best time especially for students preparing for any competitive exam. You have plenty of time. Set your goal and work each day hard so that in future you can say yes I have cracked it. Your day will surely come. Till then practice, practice and practice.
Develop yoga habits – You can start your day with yoga or any sort of meditation that keep you out of mental stress. Yoga will make you both mentally and physically fit. So it is advisable if you want a good body image as well as learn how to stay focused and concentrated yoga is surely the best option for you.
Involve yourself in household chores – Why it is so that each time we have to burden our moms or wives with the household activity. This is the only time when you are free and can engage yourself in household activities. This will surely give you moms and wives some me time for themselves where they can relax and enjoy. Your little efforts will bring huge smile on their faces and this will be a small token of love from your side. So think about it!
Take care of mother nature by planting trees–
You can also show your love and care towards nature by planting trees at your homes or nearby surrounding.
Explore your hidden talent – Everyone has some or the other hobby or any area of interest. So explore your interest. Invest your time in your hobbies such as dancing, painting, singing, gardening etc. This is the time to find your inner self. Discover yourself and be passionate about it.
Experiment with your food- You can also do some sort of experiment with your food by cooking different different dishes. At this time when your favourite restaurants are closed you can daily experiment with some new food items and can treat yourself and your loved ones.
Develop habit of writing diary- At this time when we all our full of various mixed feelings, delimas, experiences writing diary is the best option to store them all for our future memory.
Spending quality time with our loved ones- This is the perfect time where you can spend quality time with your family members and loved ones and can make your bond even more stronger. You can play indoor games with them, can watch classic and good movies, can cook with them, can innovate new things with them, can laugh with them and a lot more stuff that over years you have regretted of not able to do with them. So make this moment your lifetime cherished memory.
I hope the above tips will help you stay motivated in your lives. Till then stay connected with your friends and family. Explore new things. Find your improved version. Stay confident, stay happy, spread happiness soon these gloomy days will disappear. Till then pray from God that everyone gets enough strength to cope up with this situation and soon the entire world gets rid away from this pandemic.
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We have always been cruel and greedy
We are shocked and horrified to hear the news about a pregnant elephant who died in Kerala after ingesting firecracker laced pineapple. From wildlife activists, artists, and celebrities to career politicians, all have expressed their solidarity and regret over the animal’s tragic and cruel death. The issue of course has been polarized by people with vested interests and an entire state is blamed for the killing of the elephant.
However, amongst these noisy accusations and blame game, we have forgotten the real reason behind all these problems, which is human greed. Ever since we, the homo sapiens, spread from Africa to other continents we have wiped out species like mammoth, mastodon, saber-tooth tigers, and many other species by hunting them for food and other resources. The extinction of species has carried on to this day so much so that we had to reserve special areas like wildlife reserve and sanctuaries for the conservation of animals and plants. We are even credited to the wipeout of other human species like the Neanderthals. If you find it hard to believe just remember that we fought two world wars and evidence of ethnic cleansing is aplenty in Myanmar, Iraq, Syria, and other conflict-ridden areas because of our greed and inability to share resources.
Data tabled in Indian parliament shows that there has been a rise in man-animal conflict all over India. According to environment ministry, elephants and tigers were responsible for maximum human deaths from 2014-2017. But can we really blame them? It is us who have encroached on their forest lands in the name of development. We have cleared forests for farming, construction of houses, industries, and various other activities. Chunks of reserved areas are handed over to mining companies, often illegally for our never-ending need for resources. These same resources are needed to make our fancy vehicles, gadgets, beautiful houses, generating 24-hours electricity and many other comforting things that we take for granted.
After taking away their homes, we play the innocent victim and remain clueless as to why the animals venture beyond their borders. And then, we comfortably tweet from our homes, regretting the death of one elephant.
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guidelines to write an effective blog
Most of the people urge for writing a good blog but somehow fails to do so. This is because either they lack in proper way of writing or lack in valuable content. While writing a blog one should keep in mind that what is the main focus of yours writing a blog. Question yourself about this for getting a good answer. Then find a good heading for it. A good heading will make a blog more effective. Writing a blog is not an easy task until it is not researched properly.
However, firstly one should be cleared about the topic they want to write for. After that getting a good heading for that particular topic will make readers attracted towards your blog is a good way to start. Secondly a good starting will make a good ending. By this I meant that staring line should be a way more attractive or interesting so that readers could generate interest in your blog. Your focus should be clearer with your blog; it should be easily understandable by the readers. Also, your blog should be more realistic as well as more relatable. For making your blog look creative you can use images related to your topic. Not only can this, including links be also effective. Giving an introduction part in the starting paragraph will give the readers a bit about the blog. For writing introduction part one should keep in mind 5WH(what, where, why, whom, when and how) so that the topic should be cleared. Else second paragraph should be a brief summary of the topic. And for third paragraph details can be given accordingly to the topic. In third paragraph using pointers will make the blog more effective and can be easily understand by the readers. And at last conclusion or your views will make a good ending.
A step-by-step guide for writing a good blog as follows:
- Your topic should be realistic or relatable to the readers.
- Your topic based heading should be attractive so that more and more readers generate their interests.
- There should be limited words count as if minimum 500 words or maximum 800 words.
- You should know about your targeted audience.
- The content language should be easily understandable to the people.
- Including images or links will make an effective blog.
- Paragraph should be limited (at least 4 paragraphs).
- Good use of words will make your blog effective.
- It should be plagiarism free.
- Quotes if used of any author in your content then you should mention their names as well.
To conclude, an effective blog is that which keeps in mind the focus of their blogs from starting to end. Also by revising your blog after writing it, will help you by finding your grammatical mistakes. If a blog contains grammatical mistakes, then the value of the blog will decrease and will no longer efficient or attractive to the readers. Hence, writing a blog is easier while remembering the above guidelines or points.
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the concept of gender roles : what we think and what it is…….
Although, we have known the word gender in grammar obviously, it is being used differently now. The word gender is now being used Sociologically, or as a conceptual category, and it has been given a specific meaning. In its new incarnation gender refers to the socio-cultural definition of man and woman and assign them social roles. It is used as an analytical tool to understand social realities with regard to women and men.
The nature of this article is not based on feminism but to define what people see in terms of gender roles. Today also it is taught in school textbooks of kids that a woman is meant to be a house maker or a teacher or a nurse and same as a man is meant to be a doctor or a business person. When these jobs are reversed, we fall into a huge whirlpool of thoughts, is it even possible. And we sometimes take these things to be wrong. But, this is not the way gender roles works.
Gender Division of Labour: Gender division of labour, refers to the different roles, responsibilities, and tasks to women and men based on societal ideas of what men and women should do and are capable of doing. Different tasks are assigned to girls and boys, women and men according to their sex-gender roles, and not necessarily according to their individual prefrences/ capabilities.
Gender division of labour also leads to hierarchies and inequalities because men and women’s labour is not valued or rewarded equally. Even now, equal pay for equal work is not the norm in most countries; housework is unpaid; and women are the first to be fired when recession hits the workplace. The gender division of labour is not the same everywhere. It is specific to culture, location, and time. To challenge the gender division of labour in society means challenging what being a “man” and “woman” in a society entail.
The situation may not always be intolerable; but it is impossible to predict that it will not become so. –Clavdia von Werlhof
The gender division of labour is responsible for statistics like : Globally women hold only 14 per cent senior management positions (UNDP Human Development Report, 1995) ; the ratio between women’s salaries and men’s salaries in US continues to be 3:5 and this has not changed in the last one hundred years. Seventy per cent of the world’s poorest and illiterate people are women.
This data exactly show that what we thought of gender roles and what they really are. These are how the tactics work in this world. It is said that, “Woman’s place in the house, therefore women should be in the both houses of Parliament “.
In the conclusion, there is a need to focus on the positions women are placed in the society. Because women gives birth to a child and feed the child, it does not mean that the work of women is to nurture only. To assess the position we need to look at the social relations of gender or power relations between men and women. To improve women’s position the existing norms, structure and power relations between men and women have to be changed.
Refrences:- 1. Understanding Gender by Kamla Bhasin 2. Lerner Greda, 1986, The Creation of Patriarchy. 
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Exam matters lives don’t!
Writing this post for obvious reasons. We are in such a horrible situation where people think twice to come out of their home even for daily/basic needs, and these people don’t even think before keeping exams. Future of the country they call’s but there future exist or not they don’t care, they have no concern over the lives but what matters to them is exams., yes exams are important and if the situation were normal then students may have written no doubt. But why make a fuss over here, this is not the right time to ignore the pandemic and focus more on the exams. Its cent percent true that exams are only the basis on which ones future gets decided as per our education system but in that case there should be future. Who do you think will take the responsibilities of students if they get infected. Many are jobless as of now and are not able to afford transportation, many are out of town, they are struggling to get back to their home town while you are making hype among the students to write exams.
Wow, I mean I am blown by the decisions of various universities, state boards who without any second thought making every possible arrangements. This looks as, if students didn’t write these particular exams they will be loosing very valuable thing. As myself being a university student they are constantly asking for the payment of the examination fee, I mean seriously will these people stop bragging about exams and concentrate on how to save people and they should not involve with each other in any case.
Even if somehow students get to the examination centre, are they sure that they will not mingle with each other before and after the exam. No matter how hard they take precautions from their side but there are double the chances that students may get infected. We students aren’t searching for reasons to avoid exams, if that would be the case why we would have wrote the previous exams. And writing one more would not have hurt our ego but this does because we students prefer our lives more than exams.
PS:- Lastly no offence. This is just my concern over the necessary topic which is taken too much to be heard by the officials.
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unsymmetrical concept of constitution of federal state of “india”
What is Federalism ?
Federalism have a root Latin word that is ‘Foedus’ means treaty or any pact. Therefore as the meaning signifies it is stand for intermixing of federal government or central government with Provincial ,state ,or other sub unit Governments in a unitary political system.
It is therefore a kind of government in which distribution of powers took place between two levels of governments of same level. for example the federal state of India, Brazil, Russia united states etc. federalism in true meaning in federal state is defined as distribution of powers and relation between states and the central federal unit that is the national government or federal government.
Interesting model of global view of unified federation of India:
India had adopted the British north America act model and the government of India act model as its constitution. So, here in India we had a very engrossing model of federation with two different visions .one of these vision govern the state of Jammu and Kashmir and one vision for rest of all states of federal state of India. In contrast to US and Australian model the state of Jammu and Kashmir had given the power after our constitution came into play. there was a constituent assembly framed in state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1952 and they framed their constitution in 1957 for themselves.so this was very interesting before the abrogation of special status and article 370 to note down instead of India is a union of states which contains the state of Jammu and Kashmir so far as the all other states are concerned there is one set of laws that Manoeuvre . Apart from it for Jammu and Kashmir there was another set of law ,it was only the president that eventually permits in terms of our constitution to apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir .
Constitution of federal state of India is unsymmetrical in nature:
As we discuss and concern about Federalism of India it is asymmetric there are various aspects which shows Un symmetric nature of constitution of India .
The most important was the case of state of Jammu and Kashmir before 5 August 2019:
Before the abrogation of special status and article 370 The constitution of Jammu and Kashmir vest the residuary power with the state and our article 248 did not operate in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The only residuary power that the Center have as Jammu and Kashmir discussed was that of tackling with terrorism.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir had its own subject list upon which it legislated. part 6 our constitution which deals with the states did not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir even there is no list 2 for Jammu and Kashmir before. Apart from it had enjoyed special status.
Most significant aspects of asymmetry in Indian constitution:
Special provisions:
Under article 371 provides special provisions to the state of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim.
Our constitution does not allows or gives such definition but India has a multiparty system with political coalition frequently stands upon regional and caste identities especially at union level. and there is also not parallel surface of Distribution of powers resources and funds
Union territories :
Apart from Centre and states the country has union territories with legislature and without legislature.
The case of Panducherry and Delhi :
Panducherry Enjoys legislative Powers on any issue in the state list or the concurrent list insofar as it applies to the union Territory. Delhi which has three exceptions which are outside its purview that is police land and public order.
The sixth schedule:
Here According to this schedule The Tribal Areas of state of Meghalaya Tripura, Mizoram and Assam can frame autonomous districts and autonomous regions. Hence these all aspects signifies that Constitution of India has Unsymmetrical concept .
Public
Effect of COVID-19 and Lockdown on Education System
As we all know India is facing a pandemic situation due to coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all the systems not only in India but also in the World. It has affected the educational system all over the World. Most government around the world has closed the educational system of their country to reduce the spread of coronavirus.
As in present situation, it is spreading very fast. 8000-10,000 new cases tests positive for coronavirus daily. In this situation, the reopening of schools, colleges and universities is uncertain. It is not safe for students. No doubt, this is an important time for education sector because entrance exams of several universities and competitive exams are held during this time. Many state boards and cbse board exams are pending, which is an important part of a students life. Exams of all universities are pending.
The immediate solution of coronavirus is necessary because of these days passes, it will not only be a short term impact in India but also can cause social and economic consequences. Closure of schools and colleges has affected round 600 million learners across the world.
The lockdown has generated uncertainty over the exam cycle. University may face impact on the internships and placements of the students and lower fees collection that can create hurdle in managing the working capital.
According to government instructions, schools has started online teaching. Technology has played an important role in this lockdown period. Students had gone away from the studies. They are not able to understand online as they understand in their schools. Low-income private and government and private schools may not be able to adopt online teaching methods. As a result they had completely shut down due to no access to e-learning solutions. Due to this, the students are in a great loss.
Central and State government need to take some measures for the progress. Time never waits for anyone, it will pass. It cannot be forget that capacity building of young minds is necessary. So there is a need to improve online teaching methods for a better of students.
International Journal of Research (IJR) 