The School closure in India

In the last two years , India has achieved the dubious distinction of becoming the country with the second longest COVID-19 pandemic-linked school closure in the world–next only to Uganda. According to a United Nations report ,it is an estimated 82 weeks , with some intermittent classes in between . Much has been said ,written and published about the impact of school closure on learning loss. However,there has been very limited discourse on why—inspite of scientific evidence to support re-opening —Indian states continued to remain reluctant to reopen schools . Analysing the root causes of school closure in India is an urgent need to derive lessons and to guide future policy interventions .

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The Bane of misinformation

To start with, one of the biggest reasons for continued school closure has been widespread misinformation. Unsubstantiated statements such as ‘the third wave would affect children ‘ and ‘let’s wait for vaccination of kids before reopening schools ‘ were made by influential individuals and amplified on social media . These scared parents and ( incorrectly) linked school reopening with COVID-19 vaccination of children. Occasional reports of children being hospitalised in different parts of the world were on loop on television channels , sensationalising the matter ; while it boosted their target rating point (TRP) ,it harmed hapless children.

Two, the opinion of a small section of privileged parents and self proclaimed representatives of their association — often not fully understanding the complexity of issues — dominated and prevailed in the mainstream discourse. Though surveys had indicated that poor and middle class parents – no matter which part of the country they were from — wanted schools to be open ,they were largely ignored in decision making , which was also influenced by ‘sensational ‘ newspaper reports and high pitched TV debates. Many experts-on-everything appeared on television channels with the argument ‘ let’s err on the side of caution ‘ , as if epidemiological and scientific evidence were of no value .

Every time privileged parents or an ‘expert on everything’ spoke, they deprived children from poor and marginalised backgrounds of their opportunity of and right to education. It needs no reiteration that, in the last two years, already wide educational inequities have only widened further.

Three, the Government’s response, at all levels, to the misinformation was delayed and arguably insufficient. Though science communication increased over a period of time, it did not match the pace of misinformation. Politicians in most States played to the gallery and used the opposition (by a small group of the mostly privileged) to re-open schools as an excuse to delay school reopening.

  • The learnings during the novel coronavirus pandemic have been (wrongly) equated with completion of the syllabus.
  • Continued school closure and a hesitation in reopening academic institutions are the symptoms of a deeper malady in India’s education system.

What is essential Practice test?

Recently, the action of some pre-university colleges in Karnataka refusing entry to Muslim girl students wearing hijabs, or head scarves , has now become a national controversy. While the girls have been protesting against being denied access to education, the counter protests by a section of Hindu students wearing saffron shawls and turbans have led to a tense situation outside some campuses . The action of the college where the row broke out in Udipi is now being questioned in the Karnataka High Court. The court , by an interim order , has directed that students should not wear attire linked to any religion until it resolves the legal questions arising from the issue.

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But the main question that rises among many other questions is that whether students can be kept out of educational institutions merely because they are wearing a piece of clothing indicating their religion.

While students are arguing in favour of their freedom , the Government is of the view that compelling a student to remove the head-scarf is not a violation of Article 25 .

Going by the Government’s stand, the issue can also be framed differently: whether the wearing of head scarves will have an adverse impact on law and order by pitting two communities against one another , and thereby , enable the government to prohibit religious attire in the interest of public order – one of the grounds on which a right under Article 25 can be curbed . The question whether educational institutions can bar religious attire as part of their power to prescribe uniforms for students is also linked to the constitutional question whether the ban on such attire will come within the power to restrict freedom of religion in the interest of public order , health and morality. Yet, another question is whether the denial of entry into schools amounts to violation of the students’ right to education under article 21A .

Study finds high viral shedding in Asymptomatic people

The Imperial College London has concluded the first study on 36 participants aged 18-29 years who were deliberately exposed to low dose of SARS-cOV-2 virus through the nose, and the various facets of infection were studied. All the volunteers had no previous infection or vaccination . In all, only 18 of the 36 participants became infected, and the viral load in these people increased steeply before peaking on day five post-exposure.

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Virus was first detected in the throat but the viral load increased to significantly higher levels in the nose than in the throat. Viral shedding began within two days of infection and the viral load increased to high levels and remained detectable for as long as 12 days after exposure to the virus. The results are posted as a preprint server Research Square. Preprints are yet to be peer-reviewed.

“This paper is the first of a series of deep analyses that this unprecedented consortium will produce. The manufacture of a delta challenge agent is nearly complete,” imunologist Dr. Christopher Chiu from the Imperial College of London who led the team tweeted.

Since some participants continued to shed infectious virus even 12 days after virus introduction, and, on average, viable virus was detectable 10 days post-symptom onset advocated i many guidelines to minimise onward transmission,” they note.

Neutralising antibodies were generated in all infected participants 14 days post inoculation and further increased at 28 days.

Chalcolithic Cultures

At the end of the Neolithic period, the use of metal was seen. The first metal used was copper, and some cultures were based on the use of both copper and stone tools. This culture is called the Chalcolithic and means the Chalcolithic.

Technically, the Chalcolithic applies to the pre-Harappa stage. However, in different parts of India, the Chalcolithic culture inherited the Bronze Age Harappa culture. During the Chalcolithic period, mainly stone and copper objects were used, but sometimes even inferior bronze and iron were used. They were primarily rural communities spread over a wide area with hilly land and rivers.

On other hand, the Harappans used bronze and had urbanized on the basis of the produce from the flood Plains in the Indus valley. In India, settlements relating to the Chalcolithic phase are found in southeastern Rajasthan, the western part of MP, Western Maharashtra, and in southern and Eastern India.

However, the most extensive excavations have taken place in western Maharashtra. Several Chalcolithic sites, such as Jorwe,Nevasa, Daimabad in Ahmednagar district; Chandoli Sonagaon, and Inamgaon in Pune District; and also Prakash and Nasik have been excavated. They are all related to the Jorwe culture, named after Jorwe , a type site on the left bank of the Pravara River, a tributary of the Godavari River in the Ahmed Nagar district. The Jorve culture owed much to the Malwa culture, but also shared elements of the Southern Neolithic culture. People in the Chalcolithic used small stone tools and weapons, but the stone blades and blades in them were important factors. In many places, especially South India, the stone blade industry flourished and stone axes continued to be used. People in the Chalcolithic used different types of pottery, one of which was called black and red and seemed to be popular until nearly 2,000 BC. from. It was moved and sometimes painted with a white liner design. This applies not only to the settlements of Rajasthan, MP and Maharashtra, but also to the residences in Bihar, West Bengal. People living in Maharashtra, MP and Bihar produced channeling pots, sand bowls and stand bowls. It is a mistake to think that everyone who uses black and red pottery belongs to the same culture. Black and red pottery from Maharashtra, MP and Rajasthan was painted, but East Indian agriculture had few such painted pots.

The wild oranges of INDIA

Limes,lemons and oranges are taste giving and nutrition -enriching elements of our diet. It is estimated that there are about one billion trees of the citrus genus on earth. Over 60 different citrus fruits are popular in the world today, all of which are hybrids of the three fruits mentioned below, or hybrids of hybrids,and so on: (1) The large, sweet & spongy skinned Pomelo; (2) the tasteless Citron, which is used in traditional medicine, and (3) the loose skinned and sweet Mandarin Orange that we associate with Nagpur.

Each citrus variety has some distinguishing feature as a USP: for example , the rare Tahiti orange , a descendant of the Indian Rangpur lime ,looks like an orange -colored lemon and tastes like a pineapple .

The first oranges

Where did the citrus originate ? Botanist Chozaburo Tanaka was an early proponent of the Indian origin of the citrus . An exhaustive study of the genomes of many citrus varieties concluded that the last common ancestor of all the varieties we see today grew about eight million years ago in what is now Northeast India and adjacent regions of Myanmar and southwest China . This region is , famously , one of the world’s richest biodiversity hotspots . A biodiversity hotspot is defined as a region that contains at least 1500 species of native plants and has lost at least 70% of its vegetation. The north east corner has 25% of India’s forests and a large chunk of its biodiversity. Here you will find tribes such as the khadi and garo , and nearly 200 spoken languages. This area is also a rich repository of citrus genomes , with 68 varieties of wild and developed citrus found here today.

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The fruit of ghosts

Of special interest is the wild Indian citrus, a progenitor species of citrus that is native to Northeast India . Some experts believe that it may even be the original member of this group. Our own wild orange has been studied in the Garo hills of Maghalaya where only scant patches remain .

Recent searches , along with detailed molecular comparisons , have led to its rediscovery in the Tamenglong district of Manipur, a thickly forested place with a population density of just 32 per square kilometre. The Manipur team could find three isolated clusters of Citrus indica ,the largest of which had 20 trees . High rainfall and high humidity prevails here , with annual temperature extremes of 4 and 31 degrees Celsius .The manipuri tribes call it Garuan-thai (came fruit) , but they appear to have neither cultivated nor culturally assimilated this fruit, as has been done by the Khasi and Garo people . The Garo name for the fruit is Memang Narang (ghost fruit) , because of its use in their death rituals . Traditional medical uses involve digestive problems and common colds. Villages attentively tend their Memang trees.

Harappan Civilization

Introduction

The Bronze Age Harappa culture discovered in Harappa, Punjab, Pakistan was an original discovery. In 1853, A. Cunningham, a British engineer who became a great dredger and explorer, noticed the seal of Harappa. The seal had a bull and six letters on it, but he didn’t understand what it meant. Long after, in 1921, when Indian archaeologist Daya Ram sani began excavation, the possibility of the Harappa archaeological site was recognized. Around the same time, R.D. Historian Banerjee excavated at the ruins

of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh. Both found pottery and other ancient relics that show a developed civilization. The large-scale excavation was carried out in Mohenjo-daro in 1931 under the general supervision of Marshall. Mackay excavated the same site in 1938. The barrel was excavated in Harappa in 1940. In 1946, Mortimer Wheeler excavated Harappa, and pre-independence and pre-division excavations revealed important ancient relics of Harappa culture in various places where bronze was used. The culture of Indus or Harapan is older than the previously studied Chalcolithic culture, but much more developed than the latter as a culture using bronze. It developed in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It is called Harappa because this civilization was first discovered in 1921. In a modern location in Harappa, Punjab, Pakistan. To date, nearly 2,800 Harapan sites have been identified in the subcontinent. They are associated with the early, mature and late Pakistani Harappa culture. The third city was in Chanhu Daro, about 130km south of Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, and the fourth city was in Lothal, Gujarat, at the top of the Gulf of Khambhat. The fifth city of Kalibangan, which means the black bracelet of northern Rajasthan. The sixth Banawali is located in the Hisar district of Haryana.

City planning and structure

Harappa culture was notable in the system of city planning. Both Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had citadels or acropolises that could have been occupied by members of the ruling class. Under the citadel, there was a low tower of brick houses in each town where the common people lived. A notable point of the layout of the city house is that it follows a grid system where the streets intersect at almost right angles. Mohenjo-daro scored points against Harappa in terms of structure. The city monument symbolized the ruling class’s ability to mobilize the workforce in collecting taxes. The huge brick building was a way to instill the prestige and influence of their rulers in the common people.

Agriculture

The relatively rainless Indus area is not as fertile as it is today, but the prosperous villages and towns of the past prove to be fertile in ancient times. Today`s the rainfall is about 15cm, but in the 4th century BC One of the historians of Alexander informs us, that sindh was a fertile part of India. in earlier times, Indus region had more natural vegetation which contributed to rainfall.It supplied timber for baking bricks and also for construction.In course of time,the natural vegetation was destroyed by the extension of agriculture,large scale grazing and supply of fuel.

Why Do Companies Need Harassment Training in the Workplace

Harassment, whether physical or verbal, can be a significant problem at many workplaces. However, this doesn’t mean it’s not worth addressing, and this is something that should be taken seriously. Your human resource or the higher-ups should have an official policy in place to address harassment and deal with the aftermath of these kinds of issues. You can look for best sexual harassment lawyer New York city.

When it comes to bullying, racial slurs, sexual innuendos, abuse, and others, a prompt investigation should occur after someone has reported this incident. This is why many corporations need to undergo a DFEH harassment training program so everyone will know what to do during these instances. No one would want to experience abuse, but this is something that should not go unreported, or the offender should be given a penalty or a consequence of their actions.

Definition of Harassment

Harassment is a form of abuse that involves verbal or physical conduct, which is offensive and frightening to the target, who may feel threatened or believe that they are in danger. Harassment can take many forms: physical, verbal, written, or Internet-based.

This is intimidation that can be directed at any individual and may be repeated multiple times for one day or the course of years. Harassment may be carried out by means of a single act or by a number of actions. It can include offensive slurs, sexist remarks, unsolicited sexual favors, unwanted touching, and many more.

How to Recognize these Behaviors

Bullying or getting sexual favors are not just things that happen in an office setting, but they can also occur anywhere. And as a result, employees often don’t recognize it when they see it.

To help the companies handle these kinds of complaints, they can go ahead and get in-depth training about clear-cut policies that they should have in the workplace. With this type of training, employees can identify and prevent instances of when someone is taking advantage of them and what to do about it. However, if this method doesn’t work, employees may resort to filing lawsuits or cases against the offender or even the corporation itself.

Preventive Policies to Know About

1. Have a Zero-Tolerance and Clear-Cut Policy in Place

It’s essential to have an easy-to-understand, clear-cut, and comprehensive zero-tolerance policy in the company about these activities. These should apply to all employees with no exceptions. Make sure that in crafting this guidance, the HR personnel will get the help of legal counsel to make sure that they’re fully compliant with the federal, local, and state laws. More about the rights to get legal counsel in this link here.

2. Instituting Awareness Programs for Employees

Everyone needs to get trained and have refresher courses with harassment. The new hires should have orientations, and everyone must participate regularly. What everyone will learn in these orientations are the following:

  • Unacceptable and acceptable behaviors while in the workplace
  • How they can recognize sexual harassment and whether it’s taking place with their colleagues
  • Steps to take to report the inappropriate behavior

Just because some comments are not going to bother you does not always mean that it’s not offending someone else who will hear it. It’s not the intent that’s important but the actions and their effect on the recipient.

3. A Specialized Training for Supervisors and Managers

Managing employees is the supervisors’ responsibility, and this should be done impeccably in the workplace. Managers must be skilled at recognizing harassment and making clear warnings about these kinds of behaviors. This can’t be tolerated, and everyone should be aware that they can be punished for a highly inappropriate behavior.

The training that’s specific for managers is highly individualized and specialized. This is where they know where to call, report the abuse to the proper authorities, file the appropriate sanctions, how to call out the behaviors and make sure that the offenders are warned the first time. It’s also worth noting that either women or men can be a victim or instigators of bullying, and this is where they should know where to step in.

4. Building a Culture where Harassment is Absent

The leaders and owners of businesses should mold and reinforce a culture where the employees and managers should act professionally at all times. This includes on-site gatherings, off site parties, and off-hour assemblies. The intimidation or demeaning of someone and calling it “humor” should never occur in the office. Read more about related posts for bullying when you click here: https://au.reachout.com/articles/5-steps-to-deal-with-workplace-bullying

Behaviors of the perpetrators that promote disrespect and making advances to anyone should never be tolerated. Those who are in charge of this should continuously ensure that they are dedicated to a bullying-free workplace. Get in touch with your HR for training about sexual harassment and know the laws surrounding it so you would know what to do when you’re faced with it. Gather evidence and witnesses if it’s necessary if this is something that has happened to you.

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India—died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and creator who have become the chief of the nationalist motion in opposition to the British rule of India. As such, he got here to be taken into consideration the daddy of his country. Gandhi is across the world esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to acquire political and social progress.

In the eyes of tens of thousands and thousands of his fellow Indians, Gandhi become the Mahatma (“Great Soul”). The unthinking adoration of the large crowds that accrued to peer him all alongside the path of his excursions made them a intense ordeal; he should infrequently paintings in the course of the day or relaxation at night. “The woes of the Mahatmas,” he wrote, “are recognized handiest to the Mahatmas.” His reputation unfold global in the course of his lifetime and handiest extended after his death. The call Mahatma Gandhi is now one of the maximum universally diagnosed on earth.

Youth

Gandhi become the youngest infant of his father’s fourth wife. His father—Karamchand Gandhi, who become the dewan (leader minister) of Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in western India (in what’s now Gujarat state) beneathneath British suzerainty—did now no longer have a great deal withinside the manner of a proper education. He become, however, an capin a position administrator who knew how to influence his manner among the capricious princes, their lengthy-struggling subjects, and the headstrong British political officials in power.Gandhi’s mom, Putlibai, become absolutely absorbed in faith, did now no longer care a great deal for finery or jewelry, divided her time among her domestic and the temple, fasted frequently, and wore herself out in days and nights of nursing on every occasion there has been illness withinside the family. Mohandas grew up in a domestic steeped in Vaishnavism—worship of the Hindu god Vishnu—with a sturdy tinge of Jainism, a morally rigorous Indian faith whose leader tenets are nonviolence and the notion that the entirety withinside the universe is eternal. Thus, he took without any consideration ahimsa (noninjury to all residing beings), vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance among adherents of diverse creeds and sects.The instructional centers at Porbandar have been rudimentary; withinside the number one faculty that Mohandas attended, the kids wrote the alphabet withinside the dirt with their fingers. Luckily for him, his father have become dewan of Rajkot, every other princely state. Though Mohandas sometimes gained prizes and scholarships on the nearby schools, his document become at the entire mediocre. One of the terminal reviews rated him as “right at English, truthful in Arithmetic and vulnerable in Geography; behavior very right, awful handwriting.” He become married on the age of thirteen and for this reason misplaced a yr at faculty. A diffident infant, he shone neither withinside the lecture room nor at the gambling field. He cherished to exit on lengthy solitary walks whilst he become now no longer nursing his through then ill father (who died quickly thereafter) or assisting his mom together along with her family chores.He had learned, in his words, “to perform the orders of the elders, now no longer to experiment them.” With such intense passivity, it isn’t unexpected that he need to have long gone via a segment of adolescent rebellion, marked through mystery atheism, petty thefts, furtive smoking, and—maximum surprising of involved in a boy born in a Vaishnava family—meat eating. His childhood become probable no stormier than that of maximum kids of his age and class. What become first-rate become the manner his younger transgressions ended.“Never again” become his promise to himself after every escapade. And he saved his promise. Beneath an unprepossessing exterior, he hid a burning ardour for self-development that led him to take even the heroes of Hindu mythology, along with Prahlada and Harishcandra—mythical embodiments of truthfulness and sacrifice—as residing models

10 Travel Destinations Across India

India is most diverse destination in the world . From old palaces in Rajasthan to beaches of Goa, from soothing north east to scenic beauty of west, from adventure tourism of Kashmir to the southernmost tip of Indian subcontinent, kanyakumari , from high mountain ranges to sandy deserts, you name it and INDIA has it all. So, today I will be talking about 10 travel destinations across INDIA . Let’s begin:-

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1. First Of course has to be the Taj Mahal , situated on the south bank of Yamuna river in the city of Agra. One of the 7 wonders of the world, it is a white marble large tomb built in 1632 by a Mughal emperor. It was also designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.

2. Now, let’s talk about the capital, the heart of India , New Delhi. It is full of rich diversity of places to explore, discover and learn. The Red fort or Lal Qila is a must visit historical fort . Qutub Minar , this 72.5 meter high tower has to be in your bucket list .Mixture of different architectural styles , this is the world’s tallest brick tower . Lodi Gardens, the first garden tomb on the Indian subcontinent that is Humayun’s tomb , Gurudwara Bangla Sahib ,Lotus temple are some of the places you will love in Delhi.

  1. If you are a nature lover & attached to biodiversity, you must visit the states of North East India. From green valleys of Manipur , to the view of snowcapped mountains of Sikkim and by the way just to inform you the third highest peak in the world, Kanchenjunga is also visible from this State. The breathtaking beauty of Nagaland & the peaceful , calm nature of Mizoram will surely make you fall in love with the place.
  2. If you are someone who loves history, rich culture , different traditions and cuisines, trust me Rajasthan is the place for you. Beautiful monuments, historical forts , Royal palaces of kings, it has everything.
  3. And how can we not talk about the most visited religious place of the world that is Golden temple in Amritsar where everyday about one Lakh people are fed food with reverence .
  4. My sixth destination has to be the beaches of Goa . After traveling so much who doesn’t want to chill and relax for some time and what’s better than relaxing by the side of a beautiful beach.
  5. One of the finest rock cut caves you will ever see in your life is the Ajanta and Ellora caves in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.
  1. How can you not visit the city of dreams or Mayanagri when you are in Maharashtra? Yes , you got that right I am talking about Mumbai. The Gateway of India, Taj palace ,Sanjay Gandhi National Park & Red carpet wax museum are some of the best places to visit here.
  2. If you love hill stations , you will love the enthralling experience SHIMLA has to offer. The scenic beauty will leave you mesmerized and is worth watching.
  3. And last but not the least ,has to be Kerala in the down south. Lush green vegetation, beautiful landscapes and natural beauty of Kerala is sure to leave you in splits.

Being the most diverse country of the world , India is home to many travel destinations. Here , I have mentioned just 10 of my favourite beautiful places , but there are many more which are beyond the scope of this article.

Fundamental Duties

The basic obligations were introduced into the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Amendment. There are 11 basic obligations of Indian citizens written in accordance with the moral, ethical and cultural codes of conduct that people should follow. Duty is educational in nature and directs citizens to act in good faith and honor. Basic obligations essentially mean the moral obligations of all citizens of the country, and today in India 11 basics written in Part IVA of the Constitution to promote patriotism and strengthen India’s unity. I have a duty. Originally, India’s basic obligations were not part of the Indian Constitution, but were added by the Constitutional Amendments of Articles 42 and 86. The list of basic rights and obligations and the guiding principles of national policy are part of the Constitution of India, detailing the obligations and rights of the Indian people as well as the essential obligations of the state to the people. Just as all citizens have equal rights, there is also the same basic obligation to uphold other rights (as set forth in Article 21) and not infringe those rights. One cannot expect to enjoy all the privileges and freedoms under the law without fulfilling the basic obligations.

Detailed definition of basic obligations-

Basic obligations were established in 1976 by the Swaran Singh Commission, established by Indira Gandhi shortly after the declaration of a national emergency to study and amend the Constitution. Added. The committee was chaired by Sardar Swaran Singh, India’s longest-serving trade union minister. Based on his recommendations, the Government has incorporated several amendments to the Constitution, including the preamble up to the 42nd Amendment, which includes the basic obligations of the Indian Constitution. However, by the 86th Amendment in 2002, the original 10 duties were then increased to 11, under Article 51A, Part IVA of the Constitution of India.

The 10 fundamental duties are as follows:

1.To oblige with the Indian Constitution and respect the National Anthem and Flag 2.To cherish and follow the noble ideas that inspired the national struggle for freedom

3.To protect the integrity, sovereignty, and unity of India 4.To defend the country and perform national services if and when the country requires 5.To promote the spirit of harmony and brotherhood amongst all the people of India and renounce any practices that are derogatory to women 6.To cherish and preserve the rich national heritage of our composite culture 7.To protect and improve the natural environment including lakes, wildlife, rivers, forests, etc. 8.To develop scientific temper, humanism, and spirit of inquiry 9.To safeguard all public property 10.To strive towards excellence in all genres of individual and collective activities The 11th fundamental duty which was added to this list is: To provide opportunities for education to children between 614 years of age, and duty as parents to ensure that such opportunities are being awarded to their child. The 11 fundamental duties look at the crisis in Indian society and become a tool for straightening it out. They serve as a source of protection for the liberty of the people.

Need & Importance of Fundamental Duties-

In case there is a violation of fundamental duties, Article 51A of the Constitution categorizes it as contempt of the constitution which is punishable under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. It is easy to assume that constitutional duties are similar to the fundamental duties of the Indian citizen. The Indian Constitution provides a list of fundamental rights and duties to the citizens and lays down the State`s duties toward ensuring that these rights are protected and provided equally to everyone. These duties were drafted on the lines of moral, ethical, and cultural code of conduct which is to be followed by the people to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of our country. It also helps the government in maintaining proper governance and enabling the proper functioning of a democratic society.