PREVENTION OF MONEY LAUNDERING ACT, 2002

Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 was enacted to fight against the criminal offence of legalizing the income/profits from an illegal source. The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 enables the Government or the public authority to confiscate the property earned from the illegally gained proceeds.


The Act provides for separate provisions bearing on attachment associate degreed arrogation of property; and a separate procedure for adjudging an offence beneath the Act. Though, the Act provides for a well set proceeding remedy against the attachment of the property, it conjointly lays down the facet of a Special Court for the trial of the regular offence along side the offence beneath the Act. However, procedure relating to any attractiveness against the order of the Special Court is prescribed to be ruled by the Criminal Procedure Code.
With the scene of the on top of provisions, it’s pertinent to notice that the aggrieved party will proceed for attractiveness to the judicature, court and Supreme Court, solely with relevancy attachment or arrogation of tainted property, being yield from crime. The Act doesn’t specifically impose for any recourse against the order of the Special Courts and refers to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procure, 1973 for any attractiveness and revision of the order of the Special Court.

The Act empowers the Director to connect and confiscate the contaminated property suo-moto, for a most amount of a hundred and eighty days, providing he has reasons to believe that the property has been non heritable out of criminal yield of a regular offence.

  • Every year Brobdingnagian quantity of cash is generated from criminal sources or criminal activities like nonpayment, false accounting practices, criminal arms sales, smuggling, or drug traffic. The funds thus non inheritable are obtainted so brought into the same old national economy to create it clean, additional usable and bonafide.

    ‘Money laundering’ is that the name given to the method by that lawlessly obtained funds are given the looks of getting been licitly obtained.

    Legal definition

    The offence of cash washing is outlined underneath Section three of the bar of cash washing Act, 2002 (hereinafter “PMLA”) which may be scan, within the style of its essential ingredients, as:
  • Whosoever directly or indirectly
  • attempts to indulge;
  • knowingly assists;
  • knowingly could be a party; or
  • is actually concerned in any method or activity connected with-
    proceeds of crime together with its concealment, possession, acquisition or use and protruding or claiming it as stainless property shall be guilty of offence of cash washing.

    The expression “proceeds of crime” is integral to sketch the offence of cash washing. Section 2(u) of PMLA provides for the which means of the said expression as follows:

    Any property derived or obtained, directly or indirectly, by a person, as a results of criminal activity about the regular offence, or the worth of such property, or the property equivalent in price command within the country within the circumstances wherever laundered property i.e. income of crime is taken or command outside the country.

    It are often ascertained that the aforesaid expression should hold a larger interpretation for the term “property” utilized in it’s been given a wide definition within the PMLA.

    In Mahanivesh Oils & Food Pvt. Ltd. v. board of directors of Enforcement, the Hon’ble tribunal of urban center ascertained that cash washing involves 3 stages, that are as follows:-

    “The initial stage is Placement, wherever the criminals place the income of crime into the traditional national economy.

    The second stage is Layering, wherever cash introduced into the traditional national economy is bedded or unfold into numerous transactions among the national economy so any link with the origin of wealth is lost.

    And, third stage is Integration, wherever the profit or income of crime are on the market with the criminals as stainless cash.”

    Some of the wide used kinds of concealing and connected gang are structuring deposits, shell firms, third-party cheques, bulk money importation, gambling, false accounting, larceny, trading or graft.

    Scheme and purpose of the Act PMLA contains seventy five sections and a Schedule. The sections ar divided amongst ten chapters. The Schedule of the Act is split in 3 parts; half A, B and C, every of that lays down offences, additionally known as predicate offence, whose income are referred as income of crime. It includes of the offences underneath Indian legal code, Narcotic medicine and psychedelic Substances, Arms Act, the Immoral Traffic Act, the Explosives Act, the bar of Corruption Act & Wild Life (Protection) Act etc.

    Pre-enactment of the legislation, the laws addressing the problems of cash washing were scattered and inadequate to fulfill the present crisis. the necessity of the hour was to return up with a certain, clear and specific bill to tackle the involved issue that without delay was turning into larger and larger threat to economy. Thus, lawmakers introduced bar of cash washing Bill to stop this prime offence and activities incidental to that, that was gone by the Parliament on seventeenth Jan, 2003 and therefore the PMLA came into force with impact from first July, 2005.

    The Act was devised to stop and management concealing in Asian nation. it absolutely was developed like to confiscate (seize underneath authority) the property obtained from criminal sources and to wear down any issue within the extent and scope of cash washing like activity.

    It has been amended from time to time to cater to purpose of the legislation and broaden its scope to achieve each corner that remained unaddressed so far. Vide change Act of 2009 that came into force on 01.06.2009, and additional the change Act of 2012, that came into force on fifteen.02.2013, the scope has been additional increased.

    Punishment underneath PMLA: Section four of the Act prescribes the penalisation for the said offence. It maintains that whoever commits the offence of cash washing shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term that shall not be but 3 years extendible up to seven years and shall even be at risk of fine. The term can even extend up to ten years if the income of crime concerned in concealing relates to any offence such that underneath Paragraph two of half A of the Schedule.

    Section forty three empowers the Central Government to represent special courts for the trial offences underneath Section four. in line with the section 45, the aforesaid offence is non-bailable.

    It should be borne in mind that power of judgment authority that is additionally appointed by the Central Government (under Section six, PMLA) is restricted to hold out the investigation on whether or not the property hooked up provisionally by authorities underneath the Act is on affordable grounds or not. Hence, overlap of powers between the manager and therefore the judiciary is avoided.
    Conventions, primarily operating to plan anti-money washing rules so as to wear down menace of cash washing and obviate such danger at world level.  International Convention for the Suppression of the funding of act of terrorism (1999) and global organization Convention against Corruption (2003).

CHALLENGES :

Money laundering is associate economic menace inflicting injury to the economic, political and social material of the economy. it’s a method by that outlawed origin of the criminal income is disguised. this era of globalization has created the planet economy, world village by creating it a lot of interactive, tangled, reticulated and interconnected however at a similar time has unleashed the flood gates of opportunities for the criminals to expand, grow and prosper. Least developed economies and developing economies like Indian economy square measure a lot of vulnerable of being moving into the clutches of cash launderers. As developed economies have stronger money controls and effective laws to visualize the activities that results in the menace. Weak economic system and management existing in least developed and developing countries offer entry and helps the cash launder in establishing their foothold in same countries. This paper deals with impact of cash washing on the Indian economy and assessment of the appropriateness of a penal provision gift in India for coping with menace. The conclusion section of this paper throws chance upon the penal system prevailing in India and its good and can facilitate the policy manufacturers and legislators to require call concerning having an inspiration upon creating a lot of demanding penal provision exploitation that the menace may be checked.

Effectiveness :

It is to be noted that even after so many efforts and prevailing laws, India is among six countries being actively monitored by Interpol and International banking watchdogs after the detection of massive money-laundering because of inadequate internal compliance procedures.

Omission of proviso provided under Sections 17(1) and 18(1) of the PMLA

In Sections 17(1) And 18(1) of the PMLA, the following provision has been deleted, namely:–

“Provided that no search shall be conducted unless, in relation to the scheduled offence, a report has been forwarded to a Magistrate under section 157 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973(2 of 1974), or a complaint has been filed by a person, authorized to investigate the offence mentioned in the Schedule, before a Magistrate or court for taking cognizance of the scheduled offence, as the case may be, or in cases where such report is not required to be forwarded, a similar report of information received or otherwise has been submitted by an officer authorized to investigate a scheduled offence to an officer not below the rank of Additional Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent being head of the office or Ministry or Department or Unit, as the case may be, or any other officer who may be authorized by the Central Government, by notification, for this purpose.”

The impact of deleting the proviso from Sections 17(1) And 18(1) of the PMLA, is that the authorized officer under the PMLA can enter any property for purpose of conducting search and seizure, and the search of any person, even in absence of any reporting of the scheduled offence to a Magistrate or court for taking cognizance of the scheduled offence or to the Additional Secretary to the Government of India or equivalent being head of the office or Ministry or Department or Unit, as the case may be.

The deletion of the proviso is only going to have prospective operation in law. There seems to be no conflict.

Insertion of explanation to the provision of “Offences to be cognizable and non-bailable” under Section 45(2) of the PMLA

In section 45 of the PMLA, after sub-section (2), the following Explanation has been inserted, namely:–

“Explanation.– For the removal of doubts, it is clarified that the expression “Offences to be cognizable and non-bailable” shall mean and shall be deemed to have always meant that all offences under this Act shall be cognizable offences and non-bailable offences notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (2 of 1974), and accordingly the officers authorized under this Act are empowered to arrest an accused without warrant, subject to the fulfillment of conditions under section 19 and subject to the conditions enshrined under this section.”

This explanation puts an end to a much long controversy, as there were contradictory judgments of the various High Courts on the point whether the offence of money laundering is cognizable and non-bailable or non-cognizable and bailable.

Under the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (Cr.P.C), the meanings of cognizable and non-cognizable offence are as under:

  • ‘Cognizable Offence‘ means an offence in which, a Police officer may arrest without any warrants or orders of the court.
  • ‘Non-cognizable Offence’ means an offence in which a Police Officer has no authority to arrest without warrants.

In general parlance, if an offence is a cognizable offence, it means that the Police Officer has the power to arrest and investigate without the permission of the Court, and for the non-cognizable offence, it is vice-versa.

The impact of the present explanation and the question of its retrospective or prospective operation are of not much importance, as, under the PMLA, there are separate provisions for search, seizure and arrest and the same are not dependent on the provision of the Cr.P.C. As per Section 65 of the PMLA, the provision of Cr.P.C shall apply only to the extent of not being inconsistent with the provisions of the PMLA. The issue of arrest of a person or investigation under PMLA are not dependent on whether the offence is cognizable or not.

The Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in the case of Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal v. Union of India (https://indiankanoon.org/doc/138917199/) has held that it does not matter whether the offence under PMLA is cognizable or non-cognizable since the power of arrest conferred under Section 19 of the PMLA is not restricted by such characterization.

The Government of India has again brought major amendments in the PMLA through the Finance Act, 2019, by avoiding the normal route of introduction of the amendment bill in both the houses of Parliament. Needless to mention, the recent amendments in the PMLA would beget multiple litigation and challenges to such provisions, their interpretation and application.

Some Feel-Good News About Pemf Therapy to Brighten Your Day

Introduction

Are you struggling with chronic diseases and want to uproot all causative agents from your body? In that regard, pemf machines could become your best partner to boost your energy and promote cellular health. 

Well, pemf therapy works with recovery processes within your body to heal all injuries and tissue damages. Plus, it can develop healthful changes in physical as well as mental health.

If you’re still doubtful and unable to take a final decision. Then don’t worry, we have a piece of good news for you that will ease your decision:

Top 6 healthy variations due to pemf therapy in your body

Here are the top 6 healthy variations that your body will experience due to pemf therapy. Let’s get into details:

  • Provision of charges to all dysfunctional cells

Cells are basic units of life. So, any change within cellular composition or functionalities could bring massive changes in your body. Therefore, machines for pemf are specifically designed to maintain cellular charges.

Well, this therapy can improve the exchange of charges between cells, and that results in speedy conduction of signals from the brain to the body.

  • Energy-boosting therapy

If you always feel low and unable to concentrate on daily tasks without paying full attention. Then, pemf therapy could introduce healthy variations within your body by bursting the amount of ATP(Adenosine triphosphate).

Consequently, you will experience a life-changing experience through increased energy levels. In other words, pemf therapy works like a charger that recharges all body cells.

  • Knock out all depressants

We’re living in an era, where every individual is fighting his battle against depression. But, the good news is that you can get rid of your worst enemy without taking anti-depressants or undergoing psychological sessions. 

Because pemf therapy induces a magnetic field to activate inter-cell communication. As a result, all damaging cells are either phagocytosed or regenerated through mitosis.

  •  Improve the performance of the nervous system

The human nervous system is liable for nerve conduction and sending signals to various body parts. With healthy nerve cells, your nervous system could work effectively by calming skeletal muscles and ensuring a balanced hormone secretion. 

Because due to an imbalance of hormones, our body will be more exposed to various ailments. Therefore, pemfs deal with all damaging and traumatized parts of the nervous system and trigger the production of GABA. 

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that can stimulate the conduction of nerve impulses and promote relaxation.

  • Fulfill oxygen requirements at the cellular level

Every cell within our body performs multiple functions in the presence of oxygen. But due to various blockages, cells are deprived of oxygen and start dying. 

Moreover, many biochemical reactions don’t operate in the absence of oxygen and can result in muscle fatigue. In order to deal with all deprived cells, pemfs extract oxygen from the air and provide it to all cells.

As a result, cells and enzymes can perform their regular functions by maintaining a healthy environment inside the body.

  • Unfettered your body from chronic inflammation

Although inflammation is a good process for the wellness of the body. But due to increased blood flow to the damaging area for a longer period, can result in chronic inflammation. 

It will generate chronic pain within the body and if not addressed properly could result in rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis, and many other severe diseases.

Therefore, pemfs target chronic T-lymphocytes that are major regulators of inflammatory agents to avoid chronic inflammation.

Final words

Pemf machines are rapidly recovering human beings from chronic diseases as compared to conventional pharmacological therapies. Due to years of clinical success, pemf therapy has set an unprecedented example. 

Therefore, healing and recovering from all injuries, fractures, diseases, and root causes through non-drug therapy has completely changed dimensions of the medical world.

Moreover, pemf therapy is itself a piece of good news for every frustrated person. So, if you want to treat your long-term diseases without taking drugs or undergoing surgeries then pemf therapy is worthy for you.

What Metal Finishing Option Is Best For You?

What Metal Finishing Option Is Best For You?

The quality of any metal product is only as good as its finish. When you decide what finish to use on your company’s products, you must consider the longevity and efficacy of the different options, and also how your product is used.

Another factor to be considered when deciding which finish your product requires is how the machine parts that stamped it (molds, tools, and dies) were themselves finished. There are also different appropriate finishes for these surfaces, which is why there are a range of coating and finishing solutions for metal surfaces of molds, tools, and dies.

Among the finishing techniques commonly used are electroplating and anodizing. There are many varieties of anodized finishes you can choose from to protect your metal items from corrosion and enhance paint adhesion. Electroplating offers your metal surfaces high thermal resistance, among other benefits. Make sure you consider all the options for how you can finish your products.

Medical Devices and Products: Electropolishing

If you’re in the medical supplies sector, you need to know your products will hold up to the strictest sanitation standards. Medical devices used both internally and externally need to be free of any defects. Hip and other joint replacement implants all have metal parts, as do pacemakers, defibrillators and other cardiovascular implants. 

All internal metal implants must pass thorough biocompatibility testing and receive multiple certifications, often including matching ISO 13485 standards. Such standards ensure that these instruments and implants don’t have any rough areas that can harbor pathogens. 

To attain these standards, manufacturers will finish medical devices through the process of electropolishing. Other techniques, like passivation and electroplating, cannot achieve a sufficient precision level and can produce a flaky surface that will present a risk of infection to patients.

Automotive Manufacturing: Trivalent Chrome

Trivalent chrome metal finishing is commonly applied to both engine and body parts. I In the past, many automotive manufacturers have used various plating methods to finish metals, with a few different techniques competing for preference. Today, however, more manufacturers are leaning toward trivalent chrome plating due to its performance and environmental benefits. Industry leaders such as Shapiro Metals support this shift by promoting responsible metal sourcing and recycling practices that complement modern finishing technologies.  This method produces bright, aesthetically pleasing parts that offer a high level of heat and weather resistance in an environmentally friendly way.

You can have your trivalent chrome finish done using sulfate systems or chloride electrolytes. The former produces a bright, eye-catching surface, while the latter is made darker by additives used to catalyze the plating process. Parts finished with chloride stand up better to corrosion. Similar finishing standards are also critical in aerospace sheet metal fabrication, where precision-formed components rely on advanced plating and surface treatments to meet strict durability, corrosion resistance, and performance requirements. 

Aerospace Manufacturing: Gold Plating

As you can imagine, parts designed to rocket through the air must be able to withstand extreme conditions. Exterior metal surfaces will need to have a high level of resistance to friction and corrosion. Few other finishes can provide you with these qualities the way gold plating can.

Gold is known for its durability and hardiness. These qualities make it ideal for resisting the extreme temperatures to which aerospace crafts and equipment are often exposed. It will also make your electrical components better able to resist contact while still conducting current optimally. Gold-plated electrical parts are also easier to solder. 

Kitchen and Cooking Appliances: Physical Vapor Deposition

When it comes to kitchen appliances, the aim is generally to create aesthetically-pleasing products that stand up well to heat and are easy to keep clean. Since you’re in the consumer products space, you will want a metal finish to achieve these goals without too high a price tag. And since you’ll be dealing with consumers with varying tastes, you will want finishes that can be made available in a variety of designs and colors. 

Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) finishes come closest to offering the ideal combination of these characteristics. You can have either a metal or ceramic PVD finish. Whichever variation of the finish your appliance has, you can be sure of being able to offer your customers an array of appealing options. PVD-finished products are also highly durable, meaning you’ll be able to offer your customers a lifetime warranty.

Technology: Physical Vapor Deposition

Do you manufacture game consoles, computers, or computer accessories? These products require metal finishes that enable them to receive and conduct communication signals effectively. Your ideal finish will allow you to match your aesthetic ethos and keep your tech working well without putting your products’ pricing beyond your consumer base’s budget.

PVD finishes allow you to create products with all these qualities, alongside some unique chemical and mechanical properties. The beauty of the PVD finish is that it’s highly adaptable to suit a variety of applications.

Metal Finishing Solutions That Make the Right Impression        

As you think about which finish to use for your products, you should also consider how quickly each option can be applied, how well it matches your budget, and how suitable it will be to the product’s purpose and life. 

At the same time, you also have to keep in mind how your decision will ultimately impact the end-user. Making the right choice can be the difference between losing a consumer after one purchase and gaining a loyal customer.

How to help your child prepare for boarding school

Sending your son or daughter to boarding school is a fantastic way to give them the best possible start in life. It offers the chance for a top quality education, plus the opportunity to develop invaluable life skills and make lifelong friendships. That doesn’t mean it’s an easy decision to make, though, and when the beginning of term approaches, you might find that the prospect of your child leaving home is daunting for both of you. Here are some top tips to help you prepare:

Talk openly with them

Honest and open dialogue is critical for helping your child get ready for boarding school. Encourage them to tell you how they’re feeling – what they’re looking forward to, what they’re nervous about, and so on. That way, you can directly address any concerns they may have, tackle their fears, and ensure that they feel more positive about the situation. For instance, if they’re nervous about staying away from home, then have a practice run where they spend the night with a friend or family member to get used to it.

Keep a positive attitude

You may well be feeling sad or anxious about the idea of sending your child away from home, but try not to let it have a negative influence on them. Of course, you can let your son or daughter know that you will miss them, but be sure to focus on the positive aspects such as the fun extracurriculars available, and all the advantages they will enjoy by going to a boarding school such as Rugby School, so that they feel excited.

Encourage independence early

Boarding school may well be the first time your son or daughter has had to be independent and responsible for themselves, so encouraging this behaviour while they are still at home can be a big help. Find out what sort of chores they might have to do (for instance, making their bed) and have them get used to those jobs in advance. Likewise, get them used to taking responsibility for their school work, packing their school bag, and so on. All of this will make it easier for them to settle in.

Familiarise yourself with the school

Both you and your child will feel less nervous about them heading off to boarding school if you feel that you know the place they’re going to. Attend any events the school holds before the start of term, have a look around the campus if possible, or even just check their social media regularly. This will help you both to visualise what it will be like for your son or daughter to study and live there, making the prospect less intimidating.

Make a plan for keeping in contact

If you’re worried that your child will get homesick, it can be helpful to talk to them about how and when you’ll keep in touch with each other. Whether it’s emails, letters, phone calls or video chats, knowing that you’ll be there if they need you can be very reassuring. Just remember that once they get settled in, they might be having too much fun to stick to the timetable you talk about!

Bahla Fort: A Remarkable Piece of Oman’s Architecture

–By Shivam Pathak

Bahla Fort stands in the heart of Oman as a witness of Oman’s long glorious history. Its age old aesthetic and majestic look is the prime attraction for tourists in the
country. The fort was built somewhere in between 12th Century and 15th Century. The area of the Bahla Fort was formerly dominated by the Banu Nebhan tribe. The fort had been built by unbaked bricks, and stones. The entire structure of the Bahla Fort is divided into three main parts from inside. The remnants of this old beauty exemplified the bygone grandeur and splendor of the Banu Nebhan tribe. The fort has also undergone various renovations, in order to gain its former glory. It was listed as a world heritage site by UNESCO in the year of 1987. In addition to this, the structure of the fort is also one of the remarkable examples of an age old water engineering skills, used by the former inhabitants for agricultural and domestic
purposes. One of the prime structures under this whole establishment is the Friday Mosque, which is adjacent to
the Fort. These two structures ultimately give the whole setting of the fort a sort of sophisticated and magnificent appearance. Up to this day a lot of tourists across the globe come to behold the splendor of this remarkable piece of
Oman’s architecture.

Krakow Barbican: A must seen site in Poland

–By Shivam Pathak

In the long list of Poland’s prime destinations for tourists the Krakow Barbican has a very important place. Its
architectural beauty is very impressive. Basically it is a fortified military outpost which was in yore times was once linked to the city walls. The Krakow has in total four stories. It is made up of brick and stone. The whole structure includes a large circular tower, an interior open space, and seven watch towers.

The structure has a lot of significance in terms of historical perspective because the gateway leads into the Old Town of Krakow (the bygone capital of Poland), Poland. The structure was constructed in the year of 1498.Today many exhibitions are placed here. It is one of the few surviving remnants of an old sophisticated network of fortifications that formerly surrounded the royal city of Krakow.

Its architecture outlines the elements of Gothic-style barbican. At present the Krakow Barbican is under the protection and supervision of the Historical Museum of the City of Kraków. Apart from this, the Krakow Barbican is one of the only three surviving fortified outposts in Europe. Krakow had also witnessed a lot of wars, such as- the war of 1587, the war of 1655, the war of 1657, and the Polish–Russian War of 1792. The Krakow Barbican is a must seen establishment, so whenever you travel to Poland please visit this site, who knows its beauty would enrapture you too.

Chor Minar: A Prominent Structure of Uzbekistan

–By Shivam Pathak

Among the prime tourist destinations in Uzbekistan Chor Minor has an important place. It is also known as the Madrasah of Khalif Niyaz-kul. Its beauty and majestic look are quiet enchanting. In Persian language the name of the monument means “Four minarets”, which is in reality analogues to the building’s architecture of four towers. The Chor Minar has a lot of significance in terms of historical perspective because in yore times it was a gatehouse for a now-destroyed madrasa in the historic city of Bukhara, Uzbekistan. It is situated north-east of the Lyab-i Hauz complex. At present the Minar is under the protection and supervision of the govt. of Uzbekistan. The Minar has also been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year of 1990. It was built by Khalif Niyaz-kul, an affluent Bukharan somewhere in 19th Century. It is also believed that the Minar complex was also served as a ritual and a shelter place. Its delicate and sophisticated design is quiet impressive. One of the four towers collapsed due to an underground brook, in year of 1995. Exigency assistance was rendered by UNESCO under the World Heritage Fund. The collapse of the tower was rather
catastrophic for the whole structure of the Minar. Later consequently the entire structure of the Minar was destabilizing. Soon without any exposition the structure was vanished from the list of sights and later on reappeared as one of the most popular sights of the city (through the reconstruction of non-traditional materials) , yet the event
has been kept secret. Therefore whatever the situation was and is like, but this historic Minar has a certain place in everyone’s heart.

VR and AR mainstream means for sustainable development

For the privileged few, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have become commonplace, increasingly used in everything from entertainment and online commerce to healthcare. Many communities, however, still do not experience the real impact of these transformational technologies because of an innovation gap that compounds our digital divides.

Imagine the value of this technology for sectors such as education, mining and tourism, all of which were effectively shut down during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The current global health crisis has shown us how a failure to digitize value chains across sectors has significantly affected social conditions worldwide and highlighted – even exacerbated – the digital divide.

  • An estimated 3.7 billion people globally are offline and many more do not enjoy a full digital experience;
  • Connecting more people to AR and VR technologies could transform everything from education and healthcare to mining and tourism;
  • To take AR and VR mainstream, the right technologies must be enabled and local knowledge and support systems must be established.

There are two concrete ways to help close the digital divide and enable inclusive digital economies:

  • establish a sound enabling environment for digital transformation, and
  • foster collaborative digital innovation systems that address “Main Street” problems.

AR/VR is mainstream – but only for a small segment of our digital world

For novices, virtual reality and augmented reality can be considered as simulated experiences, where a scenario is replicated in a digital environment and where users are able to interact with that virtual world using computer-based objects.

If you ask young people about VR or AR, they will probably tell you about that latest headset on the market to play video games or engage with social media. You may have come across the technology yourself without really knowing it: virtual clothes shopping, virtual apartment visits, virtual tourism even high-end industrial solutions, such as professional flight simulators. The potential of AR/VR systems is boundless – yet for the moment, access and impact are limited to the very few communities who can afford them.

Heights of British Machinations in India

–By Shivam Pathak

British Raj in India was a pillar that stood on the pedestal of lies and trachery. The history furnishes plethora of accounts appertaining to this matter. In this article some famous art of treachery and lies of Britishers will be covered. Before moving forward it is very important for us to understand that a country which called itself civilized was in no way it considered itself during the British Raj in India. One of the most intriguing accounts was one when Britishers, during their initial days on the Indian soil, won over a rich Punjabi merchant of Calcutta named Amin Chand by fawning him in order to cement relations with his acquaintances ( it includes several Nawabs of Bengal). This in totality provided Britishers an opportunity of enjoying some sort of liberty under the nose of Nawab courtiers. As the time passed by, when Britishers faced the fury of Siraj-ud-daula’s (then the Nawab of Bengal) threat because of which the former arrested Amin Chand under suspicion, without whom they could never sat foot on Bengal’s soil. Second instance is more pathetic than the first one. After the death of Shuja-ud-daula, his son (the new Navab wazir of Oudh) Asaf-ud-daula was put under a heavy pressure of paying a largesome amount of money to the Britishers. When Asaf-ud-daula was extremely afflicted by the British austerities, he approached Warren Hastings and asked for compensation. Instead of getting compensation, Warren Hastings sowed the seed in his mind of robbing his own mother and another Begum of his father with her. After certain tactics, Begums were coerced to hand over their treasure, which today is worth of 12,00,000 Euro. Such was the greed of Britishers who corrupted a son’s mind to rob his own mother. The last in line was Britishers tactics of using the seal on which was engraved-” Fidvi-i-Khas Badsha-i-Delhi”(the special servant of the king of Delhi) till the year of 1942 though the emperor was a titular monarch, and the real power vested in British authority. In this article we are not providing other instances otherwise a full book is required. These three examples serve best to let people know that how civilized the Britishers were of that time, that they were not able to keep any promises and had no power of openly challenging the valour of Indians of that era.

The information used in this article is outsourced from Pandit Sunderlal’s book of four volumes “Bharat Mein Angrezi Raj”, which was originally written in Hindi but later translated into English.

10 Writing Hacks You Need to Become a Great Writer

Writing is a rather complex process with its own characteristics and tricks. Not all writers can make their text striking by making it stand out from the crowd. However, there are some helpful literary devices you can use. Besides writers, they are used by students, journalists, marketers, copywriters, and other professionals. With their help, text can become more interesting, memorable, and vivid.

It doesn’t matter if you’re going to write articles and stories professionally or if you just want to master literary tricks for writing essays. In any case, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with them.

By the way, if you need writing hacks for dealing with writing assignments, we suggest, first of all, familiarizing yourself with paper samples. You can buy essay papers on different writing services. They will help you improve your own writing and develop your literacy.  

Use of aphorisms

An aphorism is a phrase or thought, which carries a philosophical meaning. Quite often, you can see that the aphorism has an unexpected conclusion, which makes the expression even more vivid and memorable. 

Use irony

Irony is a satirical statement that provides a meaning opposite of the language used. The use of irony can mislead a person, and he or she will perceive what is happening from a different angle. For example: “Yes, I see you are working tirelessly today.” This is a phrase you can say to a lazy person who doesn’t want to do anything.

Epithets

By using epithets in the text, you can make the expression brighter. The epithet itself is able to maximally emphasize the feature of the subject. For example, you can emphasize a girl of unprecedented beauty.

The presence of epithets gives a feeling of special semantic depth, which is filled with irony, bitterness, sarcasm, and bewilderment. Authors often use such techniques when writing poetry, press releases, and essays. But in prosaic creations, you can also find similar effects.

Applying metaphors

What could be better than using a metaphorical comparison in the text? The metaphor is based on a comparison of two objects with common features, but it used in a figurative sense. For example: My house is a honeycomb of rooms.

Simile

A simile is used to relate objects that have common features, using linking words such as “like” or “as.” For example: He ran as fast as a horse.

There are several basic ways to create simile:

  • with the help of comparative conjunctions “how,” “if,” “like,” “exactly”;
  • using an adjective or adverb in a comparative form;
  • using the word “similar.”

Using an allusion

This method is used to hint at another reference or outside work, be it political, historical, literary, or otherwise. For example: John was a Romeo looking for his Juliet. 

The main thing is not to confuse an allusion with a quote. The latter is an accurate reproduction of someone’s words. For example, the phrase “The die is cast” refers to Julius Caesar. But, this is not an allusion, although the phrase itself is widely used by many in everyday speech.

Many authors use this stylistic device in their works. It allows them to briefly describe the characters, their actions, or the situation in general. Moreover, the image turns out to be much more colorful than if it was described in your own words.

Applying repetition

Repetition is the use of certain phrases or words multiple times in the same sentence. Most often, repetitions are used to add more emotion. For example: You poor, poor girl!

This stylistic device is carried out at different levels of the text as a unit of speech. In literature, several types of repetition are distinguished:

  • phonetic (repetition of the same vowels and consonants);
  • morphemic (repetition of morphemes and parts of a word);
  • lexical (word repetition);
  • syntactic (using the same type of syntactic constructions).

If the same vowel sounds are repeated in a poetic line, then assonance is used in it. The repetition of consonants is alliteration. 

Authors can resort to lexical repetition if they want to highlight an important word from a personal point of view for a more accurate expression of a thought or to give it more expressiveness.

Personification

Personification is often used in writing fairy tales and stories. It implies expression in a figurative sense, when an inanimate object is endowed with the properties of humans. For example: He could feel the book sigh with relief after he saved it from the garbage bin.

By the way, if you noticed, a verb is often the personification. This is the hallmark of this literary device. It is the verb that “animates” a specific noun, endowing it with certain properties. In this case, it also adds expressiveness and brightness to the text.

We can also see examples of personification on TV screens or street banners every day. Advertisers have long started to use bright images to give life to a product that needs to be sold.

Use of portmanteaus and combining words

This technique involves combining two separate words into one, which produces unusual combinations. For example, the Batmobile. In reality, the Batmobile refers to the car of Batman, who is a fictional character.

Oxymoron use

An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines opposing words. For example, hot snow or a living corpse.

Despite the rare use of this term in everyday life, it has long been known in the academic community, and its use in fiction has its roots in antiquity. Many writers do not even suspect that they use it in their works.

Often, many writers use this stylistic device in the titles of their works. In fact, an oxymoron in literature is a way to attract the attention of the reader, vivid examples of which eloquently show the great expressive potential of this technique.

There are many writing hacks, but when reading articles or stories, we do not always notice their use. However, they make the author’s speech brighter, more expressive, and exciting. In addition to these techniques, there are others, so while developing your talent as a writer, try to familiarize yourself with all of them.