English literature refers to all the works that are written in English language.Literature of a country actually depicts the social,economic and political background of that country and gives the vivid idea of the changes that take place over the years. .Starting from short stories or novellas to novels and dramas,English literature is considered to be vast and huge and at times a bit tough to grasp.In order to understand English language and literature one has to study it deeply by reading its history,different English writers and their work.
Studying English language and literature does not simply mean reading English writers. While studying English language and literature we see that there are different periods and these periods show different ages through which English literature has evolved. These periods give profound information about the background of English literature and how it has changed. The different periods are given below along with their years:-
450-1066 – Old English [also known as Anglo Saxon Period]
1066-1500 – Middle English Period
1500-1600 -The Renaissance
1558-1603 -Elizabethan Age
1603-1625- Jacobean Age
1625-1660-Commonwealth PeriodPeriod
1660-1785- The Neo classical Period
1660-1700-The Restoration
1700-1745-The Augustan Age[Age of Pope]
1745-1785-The Age of Sensibility [Age of Johnson]
1785-1830-The Romantic age
1832-1901-The Victorian Period
1848-1860-The Pre Raphaelites
1880-1901-Aesthetism
1901-1914 -The Edwardian Period
1910-1936-The Georgian Period
1914- The Modern age
1945-Post Modernism
Now,the English writers were born in these periods and they have written mesmerizing masterpieces that has contribited to make English literature what it is today.The different periods along with the writers that are born in that age along with their famous writings are discussed in a nut shell.
During the Anglo Saxon Period, the Norman Conquest took place in 1066 and after the Romans left in 410,the British population became open to the inroads of the invaders from the north. Many of the poems of this age have the features which are associated with the pagan past, namely Widsith and Beowulf. Among all the Old English poets we find the direct mention of Caedmon. The name of another poet is Cynewulf. We get to know about him because he had signed his poems in runic letters at the end of four poems. Many of the prose and poetry have been translated from Latin. The works for translation were the books of Bible., the lives of the saints and many works of practical nature. Regarding the manuscripts, only a portion has survided. The theme of the poem Beowulf is Continental German.’Widsith’ is considered to be the oldest poem in English language which consists of 150 lines of verse. In the poem a traveller, considered to be more imaginary than real recounts the places and the illustrious people that he had visited. From the historical point of view the porm is very important. ‘Waldere’ consists of two fragments and is of sixty lines and talks about some of the exploits of Aquintaine. Again ‘The Battle of Maldon ‘describes the battle that took place in 993 and’ ‘The Battle of Brunanburh’ is a piece based on the war of of 937. Then there are some elegies like ‘The Wanderer’, ‘The Seafarer’, ‘The Wife’s Lament’and ‘The husband’s Message’ that are found in the Exeter Book.
The Middle English Period is considered to be the period of transition and of experiment. And most of the surviving works are poetry. Poetry of Middle English can be classified unto three groups:-
(1) Chronicles-
(a) Layamon’s Brut-It was written in 1205 by Layamon and it has sixteen thousand alternative lines about the history of Britain from the landing of Brute to the death of Cadwallader.
(b) Robert of Gloucester-He is known for his rhyming chronicle.
(2) Religious and Didactic poetry-‘The Ormulum’ was witten by Orm in 1200,of enormous length(ten thousand lines even incomplete) It was written in North East Midlands dalect.
(3)”The owl and the Nightingale’ is propably written in the eary part of the 13 th century.
The alliterative poems include ‘Pearl’,Purity’, ‘Patience’. Moreover there are numerous romances concered loosely or closely with King Arthur-‘Arthur and Merlin’, ‘Morte d Arthur’, The matter of Rome, ‘Matter of France’
One of the famous writers of this period is Chaucer. He was born in 1340 in London. His literary career was divided into 3 periods-French, Italian and English.One of his most famous works is ‘Canterbury Tales’
Beast epics were also found during this age like ‘The fox and the Woolf’,Chaucer’s’The Nun Priest’s Tale”.Pier’s the Plowman’ is an allegorical poem written in old alliterative meter in the later part of 14 th century. The author is taken to be William Langland.
The Renaissance was started in Italy specially in art and architecture. Renaissance signified the adoption of humanist philosophy.It was the beginning of the modern world in the areas of geography ,science, religion, politics, society and art. London became the capital city of England. New literary genres such as essay(Montaigue), new metrical forms such as sonnets (Petriarch) and Spenserian stanza actually made their appearance. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music.
Spenser is considered to be one of the finest writes of Elizabethan age. ‘The Shepherd’s Calender’ was published in 1579 and this had marked his formal entry as a new poet. He is considered to be the first modern poet to exploit true poetic resources of English language. Again John Donne belonged to the school of Metaphysical poets.. He was born in 1573 in London. He had written satires like ‘Of the Progress of the Soul’.’Songs and Sonnets’is Donne’s love poem. His poems are extremely personal and reveal a complex being for example ‘Extasie’, He had written 19 holy sonnets and his prose include ‘Sermons’, ‘The Pseudo Martyr”During the Elizabethan Age we also find some poets who were called The University Wits. This group consisted of writers like Christopher Marlowe whose works include ‘Dr. Faustus’, ‘Jew of Malta’, ‘Tanburlaine the Great’., Thomas Nash whose only surviving play is ‘Summer’s Last Will’ and the Testament’. Another work is ‘The Unfortunate Traveller’, Thomas Lodge who collaborated with Shakespeare in ‘Henry 4’, Robert Greene, George Peele who used to write in blank verse and Thomas kyd whose most famous work is ‘Spanish Tragedy’. Ben Jonson is another famous writer and his most successful play is ‘Man in His Humour”. Shakespeare is one of the finest English writers and his famous works include’The Merchant of Venice’, ‘Romeo And Juliet’, ”Hamlet’. John Milton’s famous writing ‘Paradise Lost ‘ is considered to be a masterpiece.
During the romantic age emphasis was given to self expression and emotions.The famous Romantic writers include Wordsworth, Coledrige, Byron, Shelley, Keats. Wordsworth was born at Cockermouth and his famous works include’Prelude’ and ‘Daffodils’. Coleridge was born in Devonshire and some of his most famous works are ‘Kubla Khan’ and ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’One of the most famous writings of Shelley is ‘Ode to the West Wind’and Keats’s most famous works include’Ode to a Nightingale’ and ‘To Autumn’.
The victorian age can be considered to be the age of peace. Some of the famous Victorian writers are Jane Austen, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, William Blake.E.B.Browning has written ‘The Seraphim and Other Poems’ and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’. Tennyson was born in this age and some of his works are ‘Ulysses’,’The Princess’ etc. Christina Rossetti was a Victorian woman poet and her most famous collections ‘Goblin Market and other poems ‘appeared in 1862.It received widespread critical praise. She has also written a book of devotional prose called’ The Face of the Deep’.
Some of the modern day poets include Sylvia Plath and Ted Hughes. Moreover Virginia Woolf who has written ‘To the Lighthouse’ and T. S. Eliot who has writen The Wasteland’ are considered to be the greatest modernist writers.
To conclude English Literature is the amalgamation of beautiful masterpieces written by exceptionally talented writers who have given their thoughts a character, emotions a life and imagination a shape.. There are various genres and sub genres and the history of evolution of English literature is itself the evidence of its richness.

In a trendy world, Education has become a part of the survival of being. The level of the educational system is based on the country’s development. Such a process of gaining knowledge is called as an Education.

Among various countries, our Indian Education is exceptional in such cases. Our educational system is pick up with the primary level and then move. On to higher or senior secondary. Further, they have to lead their ways in lifetime courses as “technology and professional” by means of their own, so-called Graduation. Both technological and professional courses had a sufficient scope for the young generation.

With these enriching qualities, our educational system also has to struggle among ignorant people. In India, nearly 30 million pupils at the age of 10 to 16 did not know about schooling. It will be a prodigious drawback for Indian Education in the future. This drawback was held because of the reasons like less number of schools in rural India, and unfilled vacancies of teacher and make the far distance to get schooling, expenses spending for Education. As the rich became richer, the learner became a scholar but the unbeknownst people remains the same, by the time passes their day to day life became worse. The only solution is to change unawareness among our Tri-Colour Nation is to educate everyone. It is possible nowadays.

Compulsory school education must proclaim every part of India. Heraldically government should take its own risk for well being of educating people. It will result in a drastic change to younger India to face its economic crisis.

Education is digitalized nowadays, but it was not familiar with everyone. Only people who are in metropolitan cities are gaining their luxurious moves.E-learning is not wider for all. The reason behind it was our India is a staple agricultural county. Since the population covers 40%of elderly people whose life based on farming, some remaining of them got to push to live below the poverty line to free themselves from their own sufferings.

A.C.Amali

Still, we can find child labor as we can see teenagers in a roadside hotel, grocery stores, construction workers, and so on working for their daily life. The government should strictly announce an outlaw to it. By executing free and compulsory education which is not a solution, it should be taken as a resolution to every citizen around here. Some Indian states are good at going free educating people, but the effort of these moves is not enough, it seems. Awaiting to see developed India.

We are still in the foothills of the Covid-19 crisis but it is clear this major global event will have deep implication for our society structure and economy….

Coronavirus pandemic has been the most traumatic experience of our lives. It will have a huge impact on us as individuals, as society and as a workforce. Although it’s hard to imagine right now, things will get to normal. Way of living and working has changed throughout the lockdown and will continue till it ends.
Five years later, corona virus or as we say covid-19, has brought the world to it’s knees. Businesses have been shut, schools and colleges are closed, travel banned.

Firstly, Covid has given a huge lift to E-learning. Educational institutions, business organizations have taken online education to a new level by offering classes and courses in an innovative way to keep their audience hooked at these times of lockdown. Students are signing up for online classes for entrance exams- JEE and NEET for upskilling. Several schools across the country have started online classes, students are attending classes virtually. Also, Television and radio are used for those without androids. Various organizations are conducting awareness for covid through online quizzes. Everything is converting to tech based structure.
Secondly, Work from Home, people are getting used to WFH culture. Many professional are now working from home. IT sectors, businesses are opting to work in home isolation. Even after lockdown relaxations, people are preferring to work form home due to the risk of infection in offices. Conferences and meetings are done by zoom and online work is prevailing. The uncertainty of end of corona leading to work from home. The culture has seeped into our living rooms with people especially, women, juggling between cooking, parenting and working at the same time. According to Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad, WFH will become a norm in the post Covid world. Sanitizing things before use, social distancing, wearing mask in public is likely to continue as people have recognized the need to stay healthy more so, with no vaccine on covid in sight for a long time to come.
Thirdly, We have become more Hygiene conscious . People have started taking hygiene more seriously. Washing hands, using sanitizer , started as a compulsion is becoming a habit. Many NGO’S are creating awareness among the rural people to practice personal hygiene to lower the risk of getting infected. Health and hygiene brands have risen to the occasion and started campaigns for cleanliness. Demands of sanitizer has increased tremendously in urban cities. Sanitization is carried over houses, roads and public places. Sanitization tunnel are taking place to enter any area.
Fourthly, Social distancing changed the public places. Market complexes, railway station, shops, bus stands are changing and creating space for maintaining social distancing due to corona virus. Waiting in queues, a meter apart is seen all over the cities. Workplaces, schools, colleges will change to ensure distance. Public functions, marriages are observed with a new pattern with masks on faces of bride and groom. Small children playing in parks with masks.
As said, Necessity is the mother of Invention. A first look at these changes reveals that people from all the walks of life have imbibed the alterations. With a vaccine still months away and with the unconfirmed spectre of corona looming, the question no longer seems to be, “when this will end?” Instead some are started to say that the impact of such a pandemic, one that is truly global and may not be brought under control next year, could enormously alter how our societies are structured.

Meanwhile, we all have to understand that the current situation is like a tunnel and we don’t know how long the tunnel is, so better we should utilize the time for productive work and stay connected through each other with technology.

As a parent, there are many pressing matters when it comes to your child’s future. Quoting something from the parenting manual would be, a dip in your child’s performance in a petty monthly test. The disappointment frown which follows and the thoughts of your child becoming a failure among their peers lingers in your minds. Parents always pin their dreams on the children and push them to study harder. Albeit, education should not just mean excelling academics but also becoming well-rounded individuals. Gaining knowledge has been set aside by acing tests or stack piling trophies and accolades. And this unfavourable situation has it’s roots well established by the education offered in schools.

As students what we learn constitute the major building blocks of our personality and character. The morals inculcated by parents contributes about one-fourth while knowledge provided by schools contributes to the rest. These become the impetus to one’s actions which defines a person. Tapping into a student’s artistic, poetic, spiritual or social approach should be something that schools should work towards and adopt a holistic approach in learning. In philosophy, holistic refers to a belief that all aspects of something are linked to one another and can be comprehended only as a whole. A Classic example of holistic learning is Nobel Laurette Rabindranath Tagore’s Shantiniketan.

Shantiniketan (abode of peace) was Maharishi Debendranath Tagore’s brainchild. He stumbled upon the beauty of the area during his boat ride through Birhaum. What started as a spiritual centre welcomed everyone unbiasedly was transformed into a learning centre by none other than Rabindranath Tagore. He which envisaged a deep-rooted education for students from different cultures and connecting them to a wider world. His model school, was based on the Vedic tradition of Bhramacharya Ashram provided education end to end with teaching students their responsibilities, duties towards the community. The classes were held under the canopy of Chhatim trees, in open air scrapping the claustrophobia in a classroom. Thoughts and teachings would flow freely, a curriculum melding the traditional learning with western principles. Students were at a liberty to explore other unconventional talents, absorb about the nature and also fortified to give back to their society.

Holistic learning aims at developing a child’s physical, emotional, moral, psychological and spiritual intellect. It teaches children to create relationships with the environment, community and the people around them. Mainstream education deals with mechanical, scientific or logical aspect of a subject. For instance, a student is taught the processes of pollination in a flower and the botanical features, however schools ignore to teach them how to capture it’s beauty on paper, serenade about it’s attractiveness, pen down a poem on that fragrant garden or be entranced by it’s fragrance and escape into a moment of bliss. Dissecting a flower and plucking it to examine is easy, but there is an significant moral we disregard, ‘Plucking a pretty flower we love merely makes us more driven to be possessive over things we love, instead of caring and treasuring it.’ As an alternative of teaching them the harmful effects of global warming push them towards connecting with our nature emotionally and feel the sense of tranquillity in nature.

Dear readers, I’d like to ask a simple question that has popped in my mind. How often were you or your children taught in schools to respect it’s ancillary staff like the administrative staff, janitors, bus drivers or even those in your surroundings like the domestic help, the housekeeper, security men or even your usual vegetable vendors. The Government has definitely listed their services as ‘essentials’ but have we ever looked up to them with awe and not pity or even disgust. We often look spitefully at such professions, but left out on schooling them the value and contribution of every individual in the society. Shoving a few clothes or making generous contributions into a donation box for the distressed hit by a deluge is not identified as ‘social work’. Seldom do schools encourage students to visit an orphanage or rehabilitation centre, children learning centre in Singapore or a hospice for the aged to volunteer. Hardly any students have experienced the delight of giving a few moments of happiness to someone specially abled, helping them sketch a drawing, playing a hand at cards with an ignored veteran, the satisfaction after a good deed is fleeting yet cherishable. They are always trained to aim for more, best college or job opportunity.

Students need to be taught that nothing appears in black and white. As much as being determined to be successful is a positive approach, neglecting unconventional talents and tagging them as a distraction would just confine you to a small, mundane space in life. These interests help in escaping from the clock-tuned routine, keep you productive instead of slipping into a phase of depression, boredom and self-loathing; It helps you stand out from the herd, giving you those additional soft skills to make you a confident, strong-minded individuals. Your perspective of the surroundings changes with a different slant towards your society. For instance if you’re passionate on pursuing a career as a health professional but also have an interest for graphic designing, then it’s time to embrace it and hustle hard. Probably the future has an opportunity in store for you to open a clinic and guess who’ll be designing some catchy, promotional material for it.

Spanning through a few pages in History, we stumble upon many examples of the outcomes of a passé, regressive society. Adolf Hitler was a tyrant, ruthless dictator. However, his memoirs have mentioned his passion and dreams of pursuing arts. His father, like most parents detested his dreams and forced him to pursue a mechanical course. If his father gave wings to his dreams, probably events like the Holocaust would’ve never unfolded and Hitler would be known as a renowned peaceful and terrific artist.

Due to pandemic every single human have to change his/her style of living, like working from home, making different places to take out physical activity, therefore it has become important to modify your room so that you can make it comfortable with only doing some limited set up. That is why I always try new things for you. Today I came up with new concept of compartments because these days it is very difficult or we can say a stressful job to organize your belongings which used to remain here and there throughout the day, that is why i came up with the solution to all your problem by presenting a world class piece of luxurious compartment which will double up the space for your belongings and will give a eye appealing touch to your dream house. A compartment can have various uses in the house either it is used to keep your small things like books, laptops, wires etc or some uses it for keeping your kitchen glasses. The compartment shown to you by me is made of high quality of wood which is going to remain with you for a very long time. The compartment plays a major role if it is placed in your living room because it is the only thing that is going to represent your room. I always try to make your living room simple, clean and add a bit of glamour from our side so that we can make it comfortable for you that’s why i suggest white colour so as to give a architectural finish to your room. For that i have variety of colour in compartments so that we can make sure it can suit your interior too. The advantage if it is that despite having small compartments it has six large compartments so that you can place things in a large quantity and the beneficial point is that it has large surface on the top so that you can place any kind of artefacts or small statues over it. These is just a one must have compartment in our house because you have the right to customise it according to your need, style and creativity. I can also suggest you to have led lights inside the compartment so that to give it a modern and luxury look. We always try to make it classy for you that is why i introduce the wall hanging that will not only increase the importance of your living room but if placed above the compartments then it will give a glowing and a dashing look to your compartments after that the other thing I make sure must be perfect is your floor because it reflects your ambiance and decor of your home that is i also provide patterned wooden floors or sheet floorings which reflects your style. Therefore the choice is yours because life is an opportunity to make decision and if you want you can take it right or you just want to let it go