What is Black Money

Black money is funds earned illegally on which income and other taxes have not been paid. The unaccounted money hoarded illegally and concealed from the tax authorities is also called black money. So, it is essential that one does not keep any unaccounted or undeclared money, jewellery or any kind of wealth. In the event of such non-declaration, the chances of the income tax authorities conducting a raid on the taxpayer will be quite high. Therefore, the taxpayer also needs to safeguard himself while possessing someone else’s money ensuring that those are accounted for.

When does a raid happen?

An income tax raid, technically known as the process of Search and Seizure, is one of the crucial weapons that the Income-tax department possesses to check black money. It is a measure that is known to be constitutionally valid too. A raid gets triggered under any of the following circumstances:

• Credible information of tax evasion; for instance, any evasion coming out of reports received from the Intelligence Wing of the Income tax department.
• Information coming from government departments.
• Information procured from assessment records of taxpayers.
• Information received with regard to spending being disproportionate to income of the taxpayer i.e. an instance of lavish spending without corresponding income to match the same.
• Manipulation of books of accounts, vouchers, invoices etc.
• Illegal investment in real estate.
• Unexplained cash credits, share transactions etc.

Who can conduct a raid?

According to Section 132(1) of the Income Tax Act, the :

• Principal Director General or Director-General or
• Principal Director or Director or
• Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner or
• Principal Commissioner or Commissioner

They can authorize:-

• Additional Director or
• Additional Commissioner or
• Joint Director or
• Joint Commissioner or
• Assistant Director or
• Deputy Director or
• Assistant Commissioner or
• Deputy Commissioner  or
• Income-tax Officer to conduct a tax raid. The authorizing officer will do so, if he has a “reason to believe” that :

• A taxpayer has failed to comply with any summons or notices sent to him by the Department or
• He has in his possession money and secondly, such money represents either wholly or partly income or property which has not been disclosed.

It has been held by various courts that the taxpayer being searched ideally does not have the right to get access to information based on which the search has been initiated by the department considering that this would hamper the department’s investigation process. Only High Courts and the Supreme Court have the right to do so.

Powers of tax authorities during a raid

The officer authorized to carry out the raid can:

1. Enter and search any building, place, etc. where he has a reason to suspect that the books of account, other documents, money, bullion, jewellery or other valuable article or thing representing undisclosed income is kept.
2. Break open the locks, where the keys are unavailable.
3. Carry out personal search of a person who is suspected to have secreted some item as mentioned in (1) above.
4. Seize the items as mentioned in (1) above.
5. Place marks of identification and take extracts or copies of the books of account and other documents.
6. Make a note or inventory of the valuables found during the search.

Assets that can be seized.

The authorized officials can seize the following types of assets:

1. Undeclared cash, jewellery
2. Books of accounts, challan, diaries, etc.
3. Computer chips and other data storage devices
4. Documents relating to property, deed of conveyances, etc.

Assets that cannot be seized

The authorized officials cannot seize the following types of assets:

1. Stock-in-trade (except cash) of a business
2. Assets or cash which are disclosed before the Income Tax and Wealth Tax Department
3. Assets declared in books of account
4. Cash which are duly explained
5. Jewellery provided in wealth tax return
6. Gold up to 500 gm for each married lady and 250 gm for each unmarried woman and 100gm per male member

 Rights of a person during a tax raid

• To insist on personal search of ladies being taken only by a lady, with strict regard to decency
• To have at least two respectable and independent residents of the locality as witnesses
• A lady occupying an apartment being searched has a right to withdraw before the search party enters, if, according to custom, she does not appear in public
• To call a medical practitioner in case of emergency
• To allow the children to go to school, after checking their bags
• To have the facility of having meals, etc. at the normal time
• To inspect the seals placed on various receptacles, sealed in course of search and subsequently at the time of reopening of the seals
• To have a copy of the panchanama together with all the annexure
• To have a copy of any statement that is used against him by the Department
• To have inspection of the seized books of account, etc., or to take extracts there from in the presence of any of the authorised officers or any other person empowered by him.

 Rights of a person after a tax raid

The person from whose custody any books of account or other documents are seized may make copies thereof or take extracts there from in the presence of any of the authorized officers or any other person empowered by him.

An aggrieved person can file a writ petition before the High Court challenging the raid, if he feels that the action of the department was unfair. He can also challenge the assessment and file an appeal before the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeal).

 Duties of a person during a raid

i. To allow free and unhindered ingress into the premises 

ii. To identify all receptacles in which assets or books of account and documents are kept and to hand over keys to such receptacles to the authorised officer 

iii. To identify and explain the ownership of the assets, books of account and documents found in the premises 

iv. To identify every individual in the premises and to explain their relationship to the person being searched. He should not mislead by impersonation. If he cheats by pretending to be some other person or knowingly substitutes one person for another, it is an offence punishable under section 416 of the Indian Penal Code.

v. Not to allow or encourage the entry of any unauthorised person into the premises.

vi. Not to remove any article from its place without notice or knowledge of the authorised officer. If he destroys any document with the intention of preventing the same from being produced or used as evidence before the court or public servant, he shall be punishable with imprisonment or fine or both, in accordance with section 204 of the Indian Penal Code.

vii. To answer all queries truthfully and to the best of his knowledge. He should not allow any third party to either interfere or prompt, while his statement is being recorded by the authorised officer.

viii. Being legally bound by an oath or affirmation to state the truth. If he makes a false statement, he shall be punishable with imprisonment or fine or both under section 181 of the Indian Penal Code.

ix. Similarly, if he provides evidence which is false and which he knows or believes to be false, he is liable to be punished under section 191 of the Indian Penal Code.

x. To affix his signature on the recorded statement, inventories and the panchanama.

xi. To ensure that peace is maintained throughout the search process, and to cooperate with the search party in all respects so that the search action is concluded at the earliest and in a peaceful manner.

xii. Similar co-operation should be extended even after the search action is over, so as to enable the authorised officer to complete necessary follow-up investigations at the earliest.

How can one prevent raid?

One can lawfully avoid a tax raid by being compliant in terms of responding to summons and notices sent to him by the department and also refrain from keeping money, property undeclared.

We have witnessed a major recent trends in human resource management industry for the past few years. If you look back, everything from the hiring process, people analytics to software systems has evolved.

Instead of just engaging the employees and giving an upper hand to their satisfaction level, today’s trends are more inclined to enlighten the overall HR culture

The HR department has moved far forward than just mere recruitment, benefits management, professional development and time and attendance.

Here let us have a look at some of the most recent trends in human resource management that can change the overall working scenario of a daily office.

Employee experience:

Here than the engagement of employees at workplace, the focus has shifted to employee experience. More than mere engagement, concentration is now given to enhancement of company culture, and performance management.

The main roles of the HR department now covers enhancing employee’s journey map and giving a greater exposure to feedback tools, employee wellness apps, productivity tools and advanced communication tools.

Advanced people analytics:

Companies have moved far ahead from just the back office data to utilizing the best of people analytics. Reporting through the dashboards has outdated in most of the companies and focus is more on predictive models.

Companies have moved far ahead from just the back office data to utilizing the best of people analytics. Reporting through the dashboards has outdated in most of the companies and focus is more on predictive models.

SAP Success Factors, ADP, Visier, Cornerstone and Oracle are among the most widely used HR tools to enhance the possibilities of HR sector to improve the overall effectiveness of employees.

Learning management systems:

Despite the position of the employees or their experience, learning new skills is important to stay updated. That is why constant learning is now a novel trend in the HR sector. Providing learning opportunities to employees is the key for any company that is eyeing for progress.

An improved skill set can help employees to deliver their best at workplace that reflects in the overall productivity of the enterprise. Learning management systems are playing the crucial part in tracking the employees learning process and even to collaborate between various departments effectively.

TikTok app – for which many campaigns are running over the social media to boycott the use of this Chinese app- was recently caught spying on people who were using iOS 14, mainly developers and selected users. Complete access to the update will be made available to users by Fall 2020, Apple had noted.

The short video-making Chinese app had stated in the past that it would stop the practice of reading content on user’s clipboards However, quite recently it was again found that the app is snooping on the Apple users and was caught red-handed a report on Telephraph stated.

This could be figured out by a software update by Apple for iOS 14 that sends notifications to users whenever an app is found accessing their data.

The alarms for apps getting access to data were raised before the release of iOS 14. Research by Talal Haj Bakry and Tommy Mysk found that many popular apps were snooping on user content without their consent. The report noted that the text left in the clipboard or the pasteboard could be inconsequential but it could contain sensitive data like user’s passwords, etc.

Every time the user opens an app, it gets access to their data. This could be gaming apps or social media apps.

Along with Tiktok other apps like AccuWeather, Overstock, AliExpress, Call of Duty Mobile, Patreon, and Google News also accessed user’s data from their clipboards, Telegraph noted.

iPhone users and software developers who received notifications were enraged with this and described the app’s behavior as “creepy” and “extremely shady,” the report stated.

A spokesperson for TikTok issued a clarification quoted by The Telegraph. He said that the app’s behavior was triggered by a feature designed to identify repetitive, spammy behavior. Further, he assured of the privacy of the users and transparency of the working of the App.

“Following the beta release of iOS 14 on June 22, users saw notifications while using a number of popular apps. For TikTok, this was triggered by a feature designed to identify repetitive, spammy behavior. We have already submitted an updated version of the app to the App Store removing the anti-spam feature to eliminate any potential confusion,” the spokesperson said.
“TikTok is committed to protecting users’ privacy and being transparent about how our app works,” he added.

It is however not clear if the company removed the feature for Android devices as well and for how long the feature had been in place. It also did not give any clarification if the user’s data from the clipboard was used by the app.

A report by MacRumors stated that a download of the new update confirms that TikTok no longer appears to be accessing the clipboard.

The Necklace

The girl was one of those pretty and charming young creatures who sometimes are born, as if by a slip of fate, into a family of clerks. She had no dowry, no expectations, no way of being known, understood, loved, married by any rich and distinguished man; so she let herself be married to a little clerk of the Ministry of Public Instruction.She dressed plainly because she could not dress well, but she was unhappy as if she had really fallen from a higher station; since with women there is neither caste nor rank, for beauty, grace and charm take the place of family and birth. Natural ingenuity, instinct for what is elegant, a supple mind are their sole hierarchy, and often make of women of the people the equals of the very greatest ladies. Mathilde suffered ceaselessly, feeling herself born to enjoy all delicacies and all luxuries. She was distressed at the poverty of her dwelling, at the bareness of the walls, at the shabby chairs, the ugliness of the curtains. All those things, of which another woman of her rank would never even have been conscious, tortured her and made her angry. The sight of the little Breton peasant who did her humble housework aroused in her despairing regrets and bewildering dreams. She thought of silent antechambers hung with Oriental tapestry, illumined by tall bronze candelabra, and of two great footmen in knee breeches who sleep in the big armchairs, made drowsy by the oppressive heat of the stove. She thought of long reception halls hung with ancient silk, of the dainty cabinets containing priceless curiosities and of the little coquettish perfumed reception rooms made for chatting at five o’clock with intimate friends, with men famous and sought after, whom all women envy and whose attention they all desire. When she sat down to dinner, before the round table covered with a tablecloth in use three days, opposite her husband, who uncovered the soup tureen and declared with a delighted air, “Ah, the good soup! I don’t know anything better than that,” she thought of dainty dinners, of shining silverware, of tapestry that peopled the walls with ancient personages and with strange birds flying in the midst of a fairy forest; and she thought of delicious dishes served on marvellous plates and of the whispered gallantries to which you listen with a sphinxlike smile while you are eating the pink meat of a trout or the wings of a quail.She had no gowns, no jewels, nothing. And she loved nothing but that. She felt made for that. She would have liked so much to please, to be envied, to be charming, to be sought after.She had a friend, a former schoolmate at the convent, who was rich, and whom she did not like to go to see any more because she felt so sad when she came home.But one evening her husband reached home with a triumphant air and holding a large envelope in his hand.”There,” said he, “there is something for you.”She tore the paper quickly and drew out a printed card which bore these words:The Minister of Public Instruction and Madame Georges Ramponneau request the honor of M. and Madame Loisel’s company at the palace of the Ministry on Monday evening, January 18th. Instead of being delighted, as her husband had hoped, she threw the invitation on the table crossly, muttering:”What do you wish me to do with that?””Why, my dear, I thought you would be glad. You never go out, and this is such a fine opportunity. I had great trouble to get it. Every one wants to go; it is very select, and they are not giving many invitations to clerks. The whole official world will be there.”She looked at him with an irritated glance and said impatiently:”And what do you wish me to put on my back?”He had not thought of that. He stammered:”Why, the gown you go to the theatre in. It looks very well to me.”He stopped, distracted, seeing that his wife was weeping. Two great tears ran slowly from the corners of her eyes toward the corners of her mouth.”What’s the matter? What’s the matter?” he answered.By a violent effort she conquered her grief and replied in a calm voice, while she wiped her wet cheeks:”Nothing. Only I have no gown, and, therefore, I can’t go to this ball. Give your card to some colleague whose wife is better equipped than I am.”He was in despair. He resumed:”Come, let us see, Mathilde. How much would it cost, a suitable gown, which you could use on other occasions–something very simple?”She reflected several seconds, making her calculations and wondering also what sum she could ask without drawing on herself an immediate refusal and a frightened exclamation from the economical clerk.Finally she replied hesitating:”I don’t know exactly, but I think I could manage it with four hundred francs.”He grew a little pale, because he was laying aside just that amount to buy a gun and treat himself to a little shooting next summer on the plain of Nanterre, with several friends who went to shoot larks there of a Sunday.But he said:”Very well. I will give you four hundred francs. And try to have a pretty gown.”The day of the ball drew near and Madame Loisel seemed sad, uneasy, anxious. Her frock was ready, however. Her husband said to her one evening: The Necklace, Napoleon’s collection”What is the matter? Come, you have seemed very queer these last three days.”And she answered:”It annoys me not to have a single piece of jewelry, not a single ornament, nothing to put on. I shall look poverty-stricken. I would almost rather not go at all.””You might wear natural flowers,” said her husband. “They’re very stylish at this time of year. For ten francs you can get two or three magnificent roses.”She was not convinced.”No; there’s nothing more humiliating than to look poor among other women who are rich.””How stupid you are!” her husband cried. “Go look up your friend, Madame Forestier, and ask her to lend you some jewels. You’re intimate enough with her to do that.”She uttered a cry of joy:”True! I never thought of it.”The next day she went to her friend and told her of her distress.Madame Forestier went to a wardrobe with a mirror, took out a large jewel box, brought it back, opened it and said to Madame Loisel:”Choose, my dear.”She saw first some bracelets, then a pearl necklace, then a Venetian gold cross set with precious stones, of admirable workmanship. She tried on the ornaments before the mirror, hesitated and could not make up her mind to part with them, to give them back. She kept asking:”Haven’t you any more?””Why, yes. Look further; I don’t know what you like.”Suddenly she discovered, in a black satin box, a superb diamond necklace, and her heart throbbed with an immoderate desire. Her hands trembled as she took it. She fastened it round her throat, outside her high-necked waist, and was lost in ecstasy at her reflection in the mirror.Then she asked, hesitating, filled with anxious doubt:”Will you lend me this, only this?””Why, yes, certainly.”She threw her arms round her friend’s neck, kissed her passionately, then fled with her treasure.The night of the ball arrived. Madame Loisel was a great success. She was prettier than any other woman present, elegant, graceful, smiling and wild with joy. All the men looked at her, asked her name, sought to be introduced. All the attaches of the Cabinet wished to waltz with her. She was remarked by the minister himself.

PATTIKONDA:20/07/2020

Aquaculture , also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish,crustaces,molluscns,plants and other organisms. Aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater and saltwater. Marineculture refers to aquaculture practiced in marine environments and in underwater habitats.

Particular kinds of aquaculture include fish,shrimps,oyester farming,mariculture, algaculture, and the cultivation of ornamental fish. Particular methods include aquaponics and intrgrated,multi trophic aqua culture, both of which integrate fish farming and aquatic plant farming.

Plants are widely cultivated in aqua culture.Micro algae, also referred to as phytoplankton,microphytes, or planktonic algae, constitute the majority of cultivated algae. Macroalgae commonly known as seaweeds also have many commercial and industrial uses. The sea weed farming is used for medical purposes as well as industrial.

The most important cultivation of aquaculture is fish farms.It involves raising fish commercially in tanks, fish ponds, or ocean enclosures, usually for food. The most important fish species used in fish farming are, in order, carp, salmon, tilapia, and catfish. Tuna farming and salmon farming culture is most developed and common in fish farms. Crustaces are next to fish farms Freshwater prawn farming shares many characteristics with, including many problems with, marine shrimp farming. Thr most cultivation is tiger shrimp,white shrimp and gigantic prawns.

• The Benefits of aquaculture is
• the increased production of food for human consumption;
• the opening of commercially viable business opportunities;
• the creation of employment, especially in rural areas;
• increased national exports; and.
• the substitution of imports by local production.

The most common negative environmental impacts that have been associated with aquaculture include: waters eutrophication, water quality, alteration or destruction of natural habitats; introduction and transmission of aquatic animal diseases.fish may be closely related due to selective breeding and they live closely together.