ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is a transformative approach to industrial production that enables the creation of lighter, stronger parts and systems.

It is yet, another technological advancement made possible by the transition from analog to digital processes. In recent decades, communications, imaging, architecture and engineering have all undergone their own digital revolutions. Now, AM can bring digital flexibility and efficiency to manufacturing operations.

Additive manufacturing uses data computer-aided-design (CAD) software or 3D object scanners to direct hardware to deposit material, layer upon layer, in precise geometric shapes. As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object. By contrast, when you create an object by traditional means, it is often necessary to remove material through milling, machining, carving, shaping or other means.

Although the terms “3D printing” and “rapid prototyping” are casually used to discuss additive manufacturing, each process is actually a subset of additive manufacturing.

While additive manufacturing seems new to many, it has actually been around for several decades. In the right applications, additive manufacturing delivers a perfect trifecta of improved performance, complex geometries and simplified fabrication. As a result, opportunities abound for those who actively embrace additive manufacturing.

WHAT IS ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING?

GE Additive specializes in developing Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) machines for the additive manufacturing of metal parts. The three processes GE offers with in the PBF category, recognized by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), include:

  • Direct Metal Laser Melting (DMLM)
  • Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
  • Binder Jet

The PBF process creates a physical object from a digital design or CAD file. In all of GE Additive’s machines the process involve the spreading of the metal powder layer by layer and uses either a laser or electron beam to melt and fuse powder together to create a part. The process repeats until the entire part is created. Loose or unfused powder is removed during post processing and is recycled for the next build.

HOW DO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING WORKS?

The term “additive manufacturing” references technologies that grow three-dimensional objects one superfine layer at a time. Each successive layer bonds to the preceding layer of melted or partially melted material. It is possible to use different substances for layering material, including metal powder, thermoplastics, ceramics, composites, glass and even edibles like chocolate.

Objects are digitally defined by computer-aided-design (CAD) software that is used to create .stl files that essentially “slice” the object into ultra-thin layers. This information guides the path of a nozzle or print head as it precisely deposits material upon the preceding layer. Or, a laser or electron beam selectively melts or partially melts in a bed of powdered material. As materials cool or are cured, they fuse together to form a three-dimensional object.

The journey from .stl file to 3D object is revolutionizing manufacturing. Gone are the intermediary steps, like the creation of molds or dies, that cost time and money.

Additive Manufacturing Conferences & Innovation Cluster | Team NEO

VERDICT:-It is an great innovation.

how your diet impacts the planet

We all know how important it is to maintain a balanced diet. But have you ever sat down and thought about how your diet impacts the environment? Let us take the example of one particular food item whose popularity has gone up in the past few years: Meat. It is a great source of complete protein and contains all the amino acids our bodies need. Vitamin B-12, a vitamin which helps in the formation of red blood cells and prevention of anaemia can be obtained from only animal sources. Meat is, therefore, great for your health, but is it all that great for the environment?

Eating meat has dire consequences for the environment. If we look at the land used to feed livestock, it is about eight times more than the land we use for feeding humans. In the US, approximately 260 million acres of land that was once occupied by forests, is now grazed by cattle. Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of the total amount of agricultural output in industrialised countries Most estimates claim that between 1,800 and 2,500 gallons of water go into producing each pound of beef. All these resources can be put to much better use, like feeding the millions of people starving in the world and growing vegetables or wheat. But we choose to use them to raise cattle; cattle which will eventually be slaughtered for human consumption.

Worldwide, livestock rearing makes up anywhere between 14.5 and 18 per cent of the total greenhouse gas emissions. If we compare it to the transportation sector, it is responsible for 14 per cent of the emissions. Not to mention the large amount of transportation required for the meat to reach from feedlots, to slaughterhouses, to processing centres and finally your local grocery stores. You’re probably better off driving your car than eating that meat on your plate.

Moreover, the conditions in which animals are kept in slaughterhouses is terrible. Animals are chained and dragged and beaten with tools ranging from cattle prods to shovels. They are packed into trucks and transported in masses, fearing the slow and cruel death that awaits them. Furthermore, they are hung upside down and decapitated. This allows them to bleed out quicker and is commercially beneficial for the processing of meat. If we look at poultry slaughterhouses, almost everything there is automated. They kill approximately 50,000 animals in just one week. Even the workers are affected by the work they do. Since most slaughterhouses are opened up in rural areas, where there are few job opportunities for the people, they are forced to work in such inhumane places, doing this horrible work. Most of us know this, yet we turn a blind eye to such events as we’re too afraid to face the reality of our food.

How can we prevent all this? The best thing to do would be to turn vegetarian or vegan. But we simply cannot expect the billions of people on the planet to give up meat. Not everyone has that privilege. Instead, one could try to reduce their meat intake. Educate those around you on the malpractices and evils of slaughterhouses and argue for reform. This is not something we should ignore. The time for change has come.

Sources: https://sentientmedia.org/slaughterhouses/

https://www.ecowatch.com/which-is-worse-for-the-planet-beef-or-cars-1919932136.html

My first ever trip to hill station in 2019 July.

               Saputara camp 1295... 
                - Muskan

“I guess sometimes the greatest memories are made in the most unlikely of places, and with the people you least expected it to be with.”

This line is just the shortest line which may describe the 3 day trip in Saputara. The trip was planned to begin on 05th of July at around 5:00am and we booked our tickets around 18 hrs before the trip was about to begin, making this trip the most “last minute planned” trip of my life. Our trip was organised by ‘Invincible NGO’ in Ahmedabad. Hence making it a planned unplanned trip, as the decision was last minute, yet perfectly planned by them.

DAY 1

The companions for my trip were Sagar and dhruvi , whom I may have never planned to travel with but yet here we are waiting for our bus at our pick up point in kamrej cross road. Alas, our journey began at 5:18 am on the 5th of June. Snuggled in the Sahyadris, Saputara lies in the Dang District of Gujarat which is approximately 172 kms from surat and we started from kamrej. Our travel time was a little longer than expected, as the season of monsoon had begun so we had a drizzle throughout, hence we reached the campsite at around 9:30 am. After all we shifted the mattresses and tents from the bus to the camp area, the actual trip began.

Our instructor /volunteers called us for a ‘fall in’ which is an army drill which is supposed to gather all the soldiers in a formation. So in this camp, whenever we heard fall in we had to gather with our platoon. The first fall in was to introduce us to the instructors, give us a brief description of the itinerary of the trip and divide us into platoons of approximately 10–12 people. We three were the part of India platoon, where we met our other 8 teammates and our companions for the rest of the trip, no wait we had 3 more new friends from the delta platoon, thus making the group of 3 to a group of 13. That is the magic of trips, in no time people you never knew become a part of something that is going to stay with you for the rest of your life. So, after the ‘fallout’ we were handed out the tents and mattresses which we set up, making our places to sleep for the 2 nights, because who would spend the day in the tent when you have so much to explore outside and such a beautiful surrounding.

Once the tents were set up and we freshened up, had lunch, then it was time to explore the places near the campsite. The campsite was in a secluded area, hence there weren’t many places to explore, yet there was a mountain behind the campsite which could be climbed, and so we did.

THE MOUNTAIN WE CLIMBED. (Behind the campsite)

At around 4 pm we were ready to go to our first location for sight-seeing in the Saputara city which is the sunset point. One drawback or let us say the advantage in my case of this place is that you cannot take your vehicle to that point, we had to park the bus midway and then had to walk for about 1.5 km to reach the top. The climb took around 30 mins as it was a steep one, also throughout the way, there was fog surrounding us making the visibility around and ahead of us to a bare minimum, which made the walk beautiful and serene at the same time. The fog and the clouds made it quite impossible to view the sunset, however, these were the very elements, the fog, the clouds the breeze which made the atmosphere quite peaceful and magical.

THE SUNSET POINT.

After a few minutes of halt, we further walked to our next destination, ‘THE SUICIDE POINT’. Hearing about this location, I was really intrigued to be there. After around 10–15 minutes of walking from the sunset point we reached the place and it was completely clear why was it was called the ‘suicide point’. I don’t know about suicide, but one wrong step and you could slip into the unknown and there is no coming back. It was actually scarier because of the fog, which made the visibility below to zero, meaning you would not even know what are you falling into! But the questions that lingered in my mind were, ‘how could a person just climb to the top, look at this amazing view and decide to die?’, ‘has anyone actually jumped off from this place?’ or just came to the top and decided to say to Death ‘Not Today’. These questions had no answers, so we decided to click some pictures and then sit for a while, staring in the oblivion, observe the quiet around and forgetting about everything else.

FROM THE SUICIDE POINT.

Then was the time for a campfire, sadly which couldn’t be possible as all the material for lighting fire was damp, but that didn’t stop us from some team bonding. All of us gathered around in a circle, where our senior-most instructor introduced himself once again and told us the importance of a campfire. The most important one is keeping all the wild animals away and the second one is it provides a platform to all to come ahead talk about or just showcase his/her talent. A lot of people came forward, sang songs, told jokes and it was a night full of fun and laughter. After that, almost all of my teammates went to sleep but not me and my friend. Even though I had not used my mobile phone throughout the day, just like me it also needed charging for the next day. So we went to the charging point in our campsite, where we sat for about half an hour, we talked and also started writing about the day’s experience in my notebook. At 11 pm, it was our time to sleep as well, as the next day had an early start.

DAY 2

I would never imagine myself waking up at 5 am on a Saturday morning, but here I was awake at 5 am, getting ready for the day lying ahead of us. At 6 am we climbed back to the mountain we had been to the day before. Our agenda for going back to the mountain was for a warm-up for the trek we were going to do afterwards. Honestly, I was a bit scared for the trek as the instructors had suggested that it was quite a difficult one, given the weather condition i.e continuous drizzling. After the warm-up was done, we had our breakfast, packed the necessary things for the trek which basically was just a bottle of water. The trek was on a hill known as the Governor’s Hill (3284 ft). We reached the base from where we’re supposed to start our climb. The weather had worsened than yesterday, it was raining continuously drenching us even before our trek had begun.

ON WARDS AND UPWARDS ! (Leaving for the trek)

We started the trek at around 9 am, initially, it seemed a bit difficult because of the rain, but we got used to it and seemed very easy as we went further up, making us question why did the instructors make it sound very difficult? We thought maybe we crossed the difficult part and now it was just a piece of cake. We also joked about it that we could have completed the trek in 15 minutes, why is it taking such a long time? Anyways, after walking for a few more minutes we realized we were so wrong! There we come to some huge rocks which were all slippery because of the moss due to the rain. As we crossed them, we reached a pathway which was very narrow all you could see on both sides was nothing but fog, walking on that narrow road was the time when the adrenaline rush was at its peak and you know you were scared, because it was raining, the wind was blowing at its full speed and one wrong step you knew you are not coming back. After a few minutes of walking down that road, we reached the highest point of the cliff at around 12 am. Everyone was so happy, proud and shivering to their core because of the rain and the wind that was blowing at its fullest speed. I really wanted to take one picture from the highest point, but unfortunately, it was raining and nobody wanted to damage their phones so all we could do was stand, shiver and just capture the picture in our minds.

After that, we were ready for the descent, which by the looks of it looked pretty difficult. The slope was very steep and muddy, and as it was slippery there was a lot of slipping down in the mud. For a minute I felt we were lost because we could not see any of the instructors in front of us, but as we crossed the muddy slope we saw an instructor and I felt relieved. Getting down the muddy slope, we had crossed the most difficult part and then there was going down further but to our good luck there was not mud ahead, only rocks with the rainwater flowing through it. And just like that, we completed our trek supporting each other, being there for each other. The fun thing about the trek was we started the ascent in Gujarat but completed the descent in Maharashtra, which is a valley(the name of the place I cannot recall) where there is maximum circulation of wind. People usually stop by that place to experience it. Completing the trek successfully, we returned to the campsite, had lunch and freshened up and sat for a while and listened to songs for a while.

THE VALLEY AT THE END OF THE TREK

Our next thing for the day was to explore the city, which we began at around 4 pm. Some of the places which serve as tourist attraction spots are the aquarium, the city heritage museum and a small lake. We were free to explore the city on our own, hence we decided to go to the museum first, know about the history of the city. After that, we decided, why to explore the places which were already famous, everybody would go there, hence we took the roads less travelled and landed up at three amazingly beautiful places.

The first one was a honeybee farming centre, where we learnt something we did not know about honeybees. The second spot was a small nursery, home to a lot of different plants and flowers and such a beautiful garden with the view of the City Lake. The last stop was the ‘Step Garden’ which again was a pretty place with flowers grown on the steps. After that, we went out for a quick snack, the one comfort snack Maggi and a glass of chilled lemon juice, corn . Then we were back to the campsite after an amazing evening.

THE NIGHT SKY !

Back at the campsite, after dinner, we all sat down shared some stories(all genres) and after that, we all sang our hearts out (those 80’s songs) gives you the feels alright. At 11 pm were off to sleep, as we were about to go on a surprise trek (something not in our itinerary) the next morning.

DAY 3

Remember the time when I mentioned, where I couldn’t imagine myself waking up at 5 on a Sunday morning, guess what who would have imagined me waking up at 4:15 on a Sunday morning to go for a Sunrise trek. Yet some of the things you just do just because it feels right, also because you know when are you going to get a chance to do this? But suddenly we didn’t went there as similar to the sunset, there was no sunrise for us, just the clouds and fogs adding to the mystery. It was mysterious to me because somewhere in my head, fulfilling my fantasy, I felt there could be something behind those mountains. (your imagination takes you places)

It was time to wrap up those tents. While wrapping those tents, reality struck me hard and I realized how fast the past two days went by, and it was time for us to leave. After the tents were wrapped up, it was completely clear that there was so much garbage dumped on the campsite. However, we did our duty and cleaned the site completely before we left. The last and the final stop for our trip was a place called the Gira Waterfalls. It took us about an hour to reach the place. The waterfalls had a great flow because of the onset of monsoons.

THE GIRA WATERFALLS.

Returning from the waterfalls, we had our lunch in the middle of a highway which was again something you would not expect. After lunch, we finally had to leave for Surat, actually marking the beginning of the end. I just didn’t want the trip to end, just hoped deep in the heart for the bus not to reach Surat, because, from the next day, we would be getting back to our old routines but as they say, all good things must come to an end, only so that you can value them. Hence in the journey towards home, there were a lot of dj dancing and singing sessions . And in no time we reached Surat tear rolls down, reached our homes and hence putting a full stop to an epic, amazing and memorable experience.

However, no experience ends without having some lessons for you in store. The lessons I take from this trip are, you just need the right companions for your trip and you are going to have one hell of a trip. Secondly, something we don’t realize nowadays is that we can survive 3 days without internet, and once you do that you don’t feel the need to use it once again unless and until necessary. Thirdly, I made an important realization, we all complain about not having time, and not being able to do things we have always wanted to. Yet we all have the same amount of time, we just need to know how to utilize it because on a regular Saturday I would be lying on my bed till 9 or 10 am, but yet on this trip, I was on the top of a mountain by this time. Lastly, travel, go for that trip you have always wanted, meet new people, explore new places and don’t regret any of this, because on your deathbed you would never regret not having time for yourself.

My Instagram post lines .

Hey saputara❤️ love you ❤️🙅‍♀️

ये हसीन वादियां⛰️
और ये हरीभरी पहाड़िया🏞️
ये विरान सनसनी भरी हवाए 🌬️
और ये झिलमिलाती टहनिया🌿
बारिश का बंद ही नही होना🌧️🌧️
बादलों से उपर बसती है यहां जिंदगीया☁️

सापुतारा# ever took a break from work ??? Left all the tensions behind … Try once I bet you will never regret # travel # wander # explore # adventure # beauty of nature 🌂# monsoon magic # wet set go💦 # rain # somewhere between clouds # Aj mai upar asman niche 🌧️# breathe fresh # adventure trekking⛰️ # met new best people’s # bestest volunteers # 🇮🇳invincible ngo # Jai Hind # nature beauty # natural pool of peace # yo yo # yo what’s up # situps # discipline # mountain # tent ⛺ # fall in 💂# team India # orange # jaadu # 💃bus # 🎤🎶bus # crab 🦀 # lizard 🦎 # guys # watermelon 🍉 banana 🍌# pineapple 🍍# fresh lemon🍋 # chotu # spare clothes # first aid # Nick Priyanka # Sanskrit # 5-7 July these three days were the memorable experience that we had ….

CONCEPT OF RULE OF LAW

The originator of the concept of rule of law was Sir Edward Coke the Chief Justice in James I Reign.
The concept of rule of law is of old origin. Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle discussed the concept of rule of law around 350 BC. Plato wrote as Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state. Aristotle wrote as law should govern and those who are in power should be servant of the laws.

The derivation of the phrase as˜ Rule of Law is from the French phrase as˜la principe de legalite’ which implies principle of legality. By this phrase it refers to a government based on principles of law and not of men. One of the basic principles of Constitution is rule of law and this concept is up to standard in both India and America Constitution.

The doctrine of rule of law is the entire basis of Administrative law. As discussed by Aristotle, the concept of rule of law is grounded in the ideas of justice, fairness and inclusiveness. Today, an intricate chain of fundamental ideas is inappropriate in rule of law which further encompasses equality before law, equal treatment before the law for government, independence of judiciary, consistency, transparency and accountability in administrative law.

The doctrine of rule of law has its origin in England and it is one of the fundamental characteristics of the British constitutional system. It lays down that the law is supreme and hence the government must act according to law and within the limits of the law. It is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behavior, including behavior of government officials.


“An Introduction to the law of the constitution” in which the term “Rule of Law” was given a comprehensive amplitude. In reality, it is a doctrine of England where there is no written constitution, so it is placed as a higher law there to check the validity of any law made by legislature. This doctrine shows that whatever law is present in our state, must be ruled over everyone, meaning thereby the law is supreme in all respect and in every sphere. It clarifies that “No one above the law”. Now a question arises, what the law is? The answer of this question resides in two principles that are-

•Due Process
•Procedure established by law.
Due Process is a doctrine of USA, and its ambit is not defined comprehensively, but its sphere is to be explained by judges as per the facts and circumstances of the case. It represents judicial supremacy and also there is a danger for judicial autocracy because the court if not self restrained may go beyond the limits set by the constitution.

But in India, there is a “Procedure established by law” doctrine prevails, adopted from

Constitution of Japan
and clearly enshrined in Article 21 of Indian Constitution. It shows parliamentary sovereignty because in India, law is made by the legislature, it restricts the judicial supremacy and only infers right to do literal interpretation not statutory construction of laws.There are also some other elements embedded in Rule of law, such as

• Absence of arbitrary power on the part of government, which is undoubtedly present in form of judicial review in which judiciary always look after the actions of other organs of government.

• Equality of all persons in the eye of the law, which can be justified on the basis of provisions of Article 14-18 with some reasonable restrictions.

• Rules of constitutional law are the results of the ordinary law of the land means the laws made by legislature must not be contrary to the provisions of constitution, otherwise it will be declared as null and void.

In England, Rule of Law flourished sovereignty of legislature, being unwritten constitution there is no higher law to circumscribe the plenary powers of the sovereign legislature but in India, there is written constitution and the concept of judicial review also present, so the doctrine of Rule of Law cannot be assigned a paramount place. But to promote the spirit of constitutionalism, the shadow of this doctrine reflects in various provisions of Indian Constitution in the form of fundamental principles of natural justice.

A V Dicey in his book The Law of the Constitution (1885) has given the following three implications of the doctrine of rule of law.

  1. Absence of arbitrary power, that is, no man is punished except for a breach of law
  2. Equality before the law, that is, equal subjection of all citizens (rich or poor, high or low, official or non official) to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts
  3. The primacy of the rights of individual, that is, the constitution is the result of the rights of the individual as defined and enforced by courts of law, rather than constitution being the source of the individual rights

Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law, popularized in 19th century, has purely formal characteristics, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content and protection of individual rights.

Today Dicey’s theory of rule of law cannot be accepted in its totality. The modern concept of the rule of law is fairly wide and therefore sets up an ideal for any government to achieve. Accordingly – “The rule of law implies that the functions of the government in a free society should be so exercised as to create conditions in which the dignity of man as an individual is upheld. This dignity requires not only the recognition of certain civil or political rights but also creation of certain political, social, economical, educational and cultural conditions which are essential to the full development of his personality”.

The relevance of the Rule of Law is demonstrated by application of the following principles in practice:

  1. The separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary.
  2. The law is made by representatives of the people in an open and transparent way.
  3. The law and its administration is subject to open and free criticism by the people, who may assemble without fear.
  4. The law is applied equally and fairly, so that no one is above the law.
  5. The law is capable of being known to everyone, so that everyone can comply.
  6. No one is subject to any action by any government agency other than in accordance with the law and the model litigant rules, no one is subject to any torture.
  7. The judicial system is independent, impartial, open and transparent and provides a fair and prompt trial.
  8. All people are presumed to be innocent until proven otherwise and are entitled to remain silent and are not required to incriminate themselves.
  9. No one can be prosecuted, civilly or criminally, for any offence not known to the law when committed.
  10. No one is subject adversely to a retrospective change of the law.

Rule of Law and Indian Constitution 

In India the Constitution is supreme. The preamble of our Constitution clearly sets out the principle of rule of law. It is sometimes said that planning and welfare schemes essentially strike at rule of law because they affect the individual freedoms and liberty in many ways. But rule of law plays an effective role by emphasizing upon fair play and greater accountability of the administration. It lays greater emphasis upon the principles of natural justice and the rule of speaking order in administrative process in order to eliminate administrative arbitrariness.

Important Components of Rule-of-Law Reforms

a) Court Reforms 

The efficiency of the courts is an important component in rule-of-law reforms as the existence of a judiciary is a fundamental aspect of the rule of law. 

To increase accountability and transparency, information technology systems may be installed to provide greater public access. To increase independence of the courts, the government can provide them with funding that will allow them to make their own financial and administrative decisions.

Recent aggressive judicial activism can also be seen as a part of the efforts of the Constitutional Courts in India to establish rule-of-law society, which implies that no matter how high a person, may be the law is always above him. Court is also trying to identify the concept of rule of law with human rights of the people. The Court is developing techniques by which it can force the government not only to submit to the law but also to create conditions where people can develop capacities to exercise their rights properly and meaningfully. However, separation of powers should be maintained.

b) Legal Rules 

Another important rule-of-law reform goal is to build the legal rules. As Fuller stated, “laws must exist.”

c) Institutional Encouragement on the Global Level 

To encourage additional country-specific development, in the early 1990s the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began conditioning financial assistance on the implementation of the rule of law in recipient countries. These organizations had provided aid to support initiatives in legislative drafting, legal information, public and legal education, and judicial reforms, including alternative dispute resolution. By conditioning funds on the establishment of the rule of law, the World Bank and the IMF also hope to reduce corruption, which undermines economic development by scaring away investors and preventing the free flow of goods and capital. Currently, in its Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the United Nations (UN) also champions the rule of law as a vehicle to bring about more sustainable environmental practices.

Conclusion 

Rule of law is mostly believed to be a modern concept which is a gift of democracy however it is something which is fundamental to the very basic idea of good governance

We need to focus on the weaknesses and loopholes so that we can remove or plug them. Having said this, we cannot resist ourselves from adding that it is not that only the three organs of the State are to be blamed for the dismal state of rule of law in the society. Other actors like the media, civil society and even the ordinary citizen cannot run away from their respective responsibilities. Therefore it is equally important that all the actors of the society ensure for the maintenance of Rule of Law.

TERRORISM

Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. To be classified as terrorism, actions must be designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target. An action must aim to create terror through “its shocking brutality, lack of discrimination, dramatic or symbolic quality and disregard of the rules of warfare”.

Terrorism can be distinguished from other form of crimes on the following basis:

  • Killings perpetrated by non-state actors against civilians, which are not ideological in nature i.e. not motivated by a particular political, economic or social goal, are classified as homicide.
  • Violence perpetrated by non-state actors against civilians, specifically based on ethnicity, sexuality, gender, or disability, without political or social intent to cause widespread fear, is classified as a hate crime.

AIRLINE HIJACK                                               

Airline hijackings are a very visible form of terrorism. The 9/11 attacks in New York were the most prominent example. But whilst hijackings can seem like a modern form of terrorism, they have a long history: in fact, hijackings today are very rare and much less frequent than the past.

CAUSES

Personal and social factors:

  • Mental health disorder
  • Social isolation
  • Financial reward
  • Previous exposure to violence
  • Perception that the cause responds to a profound injustice or indignity

TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN

Terrorism in Pakistan originated after Pakistan supported the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War, and the subsequent civil war that erupted in Afghanistan. The mujahideen fighters were trained by Pakistan’s military, American CIA and other western intelligence agencies who continued operations in the area after the war officially ended. In 2012, the Pakistani leadership sat down to sort out solutions for dealing with the menace of terrorism and in 2013, political parties unanimously reached a resolution on Monday 9, September 2013, at the All Parties Conference (APC), stating that negotiation with the militants should be pursued as their first option to counter terrorism. With the terrorists attacks continuing in late 2013 the political leadership in Pakistan initiated a military operation against terrorists named Operation Zarb-e-Azb; a joint military offensive against various militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Jundallah, al-Qaeda, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Haqqani network.

JAISH-E-MOHAMMED

Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It portrays Kashmir as a “gateway” to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its ‘Jahad’ to other parts of India, with intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent. It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It also maintained close relations with Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups.

IDEOLOGY AND GOALS

The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a “gateway” to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.

Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.

What am I radiating ?

Cleanliness is an important aspect of life. We all know its value. But what could we possibly mean when we say cleaning inside out? Cleaning outside is the physical aspect starting from the body and then the surroundings. Cleaning inside?

Especially during these tensed time like the corona virus outbreak, creating a calm and peaceful environment inside the house becomes the need of the hour. Cleaning the negative energies from surroundings completes the cycle of cleaning inside out.

Many a times there can be felt an experience of peace in spiritual places. There is in fact a good science behind this phenomenon. Simply tagging a place as a temple or a monastery is not something which makes it peaceful but it is the thoughts of thousands of people visiting the place on every day basis which creates the vibrations of peace.

Now talking about our home, where we all need a relaxed environment. But what is it that actually makes the environment of a house? If there are four people living in a house, it would be the thoughts of those four people responsible for the environment inside the house as a whole.

Thoughts of anger, or even waste thoughts would create low energy vibrations. Hence we need to be careful about what we watch on television, social media and even what we read or listen. The lighter it is, the better. It would then be more like sitting on a retreat all day.

Genpei War: A Major Turning Point in Japan’s History

-By Shivam Pathak

After a baffling war of Genpei between Minamoto clan led by Minamoto no Yoritoma and Taira clan led by Taira no Kiyomori, Japan’s history took a radical turn that further paved way for the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate. Genpei war marked the genesis of Minamoto no Yoritoma as dominant figure in the land of Japan. Minamoto neither wanted to enthrone himself as the king nor did he try to pull down the imperial court. His desire was to install himself as brawny figurehead by seeking the title, Shogun (military leader), which he accomplished later
in 1192 by a legal machination.

His principal cause behind this was to grab the actual power of Japan, which formal authority couldn’t wield him. After succeeding the title he established his government known as Bakufu (military arm of the imperial central government). In order to keep himself at a safe distance from the court (which was in Kyoto) he established his base in Kanto region. His jito (steward) – shugo (protector or constable) system further cemented the roots of feudalism in Japan. With the passage of time Yoritomo realized that reliance on personal loyalty for the purpose of control wouldn’t last long.

So he began to suspect his close friends and family. His conspiracy against his younger half-brother, Yoshitsune, is served as a good example of what he had become due to his over-suspicious behaviour. Yoritomo’s death in 1199 raised pandemonium for a suitable Minamoto successor. His two sons Yoriie and Sanetomo each nominally became Shogun, but neither of them was competent enough to hold real
control amidst murder and intrigue that followed soon after Yoritomo’s death.

As a consequence both Yoriie and Sanetomo were directed and ultimately murdered by their own mother Hojo Masako. Following their death the government was controlled by Hojo Masako as a shogunal regent. This resulted in the decline of shogun position. As shogun position declined in the court, the manipulable court nobles being appointed as shogun and real power was exercised by the Hojo.

Hojo’s reign witnessed two Mongol invasions by Genghis Khan’s grandson Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281, but neither of them was successful. The external menaces helped Japan to put an acute full stop to internal wars, but it also come up with a mounting discontent towards the Hojo shogunate because the financial cost of the defense severely depleted the shogunate’s finances. Go- Daigo tried twice to challenge the Shogunate, in 1324 and 1331, but failed on both occasions. Like Go Toba before him.

But somehow Go Daigo shortly broke free from the captivity of Kamakura shogunate, and managed to muster support in the western part of Honshu. Later in 1333, Ashika Takauji was sent by the Kamakura shogunate to deal with the mounting dangerous situation. When Takauij realized that he and Go Daigo had sizeable military strength between them, he turned his back on Kamakura Shogunate and declared his support for Go Daigo.

Within weeks another young general, Nitta Yoshisada, rebelled against the Kamakura shogunate and destroyed its power base at Kamakura. Therefore, the Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under the Emperor Go Daigo, and marked the end of the Kamakura shogunate.

the art of relaxation

Life can be tough. Amidst all this, it is probably a good idea for you to take a step back and just relax. 

It helps to reduce stress and anxiety. It even boosts confidence and reduces fatigue, anger, muscle tension etc. However, we live in a time where even relaxation is seen as something we shouldn’t do. Our productivity obsession forces us to work all day and feel guilty if we try to relax. Daily life is becoming more and more demanding and chaotic. Nowadays we see everything as a chore. Nothing is just for fun. 

Stress levels are at an all-time high. People have even started to procrastinate on rest by pushing themselves beyond their healthy boundaries. This is not normal. We have to re-educate ourselves on the art of relaxation. Some ways to do so are:-

Write it down

There is a lot on our minds nowadays, and sometimes we find it difficult to simply talk it out. We fail to either find the right words to express ourselves, or the right person to talk or vent to. In this case, confiding in a piece of paper can be more relaxing than we think. Maintaining a diary, a journal, or a blog can be extremely therapeutic, and help you reduce any stress you carry.

Reduce screen time

You might have heard your parents blame everything that is wrong with the universe on your phone usage. While that may not necessarily be true, your screen time is one of the biggest contributors of your stress. With everything that is going on in the world right now, it can be overwhelming to scroll through the news or social media. Simply putting aside your phone or computer for at least an hour each day can make a world of difference, and help you feel much better.

Connect with your surroundings 

Spending some time in nature and doing some breathing exercises is a guaranteed stress-reliever. This is something which people have been doing for years, and it has never failed. Releasing any sort of physical tension by taking a short walk and a few deep breaths can be extremely beneficial for both mental and physical stress.

Go easy on yourself 

Nowadays, everyone is too harsh on themselves. They feel guilty if they spend their time watching their favourite show or reading a book instead of doing some work. Newsflash: You’re human. Rest is crucial for you, and not something you should omit. Forgive yourself if you mess up or feel unproductive. Know that you cannot keep on working, and you deserve to take breaks.

Laugh it out

Laughter, they say, is the best medicine. When you are laughing you are distracted, and not thinking about that big final exam or presentation coming up. Cortisol is the primary stress hormone that makes us feel stressed. It has been scientifically proven that when you’re laughing, your cortisol levels are decreased by the increased intake of oxygen and  stimulation of circulation around the body. Laughing also increases the number of endorphins and boosts your mood significantly. So go ahead, spend time with your pets or watch that special by your favourite comedian. You’ll feel significantly better.

Habeas Corpus

The concept of writ essentially originated in England & to issue appropriate writ was always considered to be a prerogative of the crown. One of such important prerogative writs originated in England is known as the writ of habeas corpus.

The writ of habeas corpus has always been looked upon as an effective means to ensure release of the detained person from the prison. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another’s detention or imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the detention or imprisonment made a legal or factual error

However, even when writ of habeas corpus is issued, it does not automatically exonerate the detained person from liability. It merely ensures his release from the prison & it does not have any bearing on his guilt or otherwise

In the case of the Additional district Magistrate of Jabalpur v.Shiv Kant Shukla2, popularly known as the Habeas Corpus case, which came up for hearing in front of the Supreme Court in December 1975. Given the important nature of the case, a bench comprising the five seniormost judges was convened to hear the case.

The bench opined in April 1976, with the majority deciding against habeas corpus, permitting unrestricted powers of detention during emergency. Justices A.N RAY, PN Bhagwati Y.V.Chandrachud and M.H Beg, stated in the majority decision
However, Justice Khanna resisted the pressure to concur with this majority view. He wrote in his dissenting opinion:
The Constitution and the laws of India do not permit life and liberty to be at the mercy question is whether the law speaking through the authority of the court shall be absolutely silenced and rendered mute… detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty.

In the end, he quoted Justice: Charles Evans Hughes
A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting Judge believes the court to have been betrayed


In Kanu Sanyal v. District Magistrate3.
The court in that case held that habeas corpus was essentially a procedural writ dealing with the machinery of justice. The object underlying the writ was to secure the release of a person who is illegally deprived of his liberty. The writ, declared the court is a command addressed to the person who is alleged to have another person unlawfully in his custody, requiring him to bring the body of such person before the court in order that the circumstances of the detention may be enquired into and an appropriate judgment rendered upon judicial enquiry into the alleged unlawful restraint. The characteristic element of the writ and the theory behind the whole procedure observed the court was the immediate determination of the right of the applicant’s freedom and his release when the detention is found to be unlawful.

An application for habeas corpus can be made by any person on behalf of the prisoner as well as by the prisoner himself, subject to the rules and conditions framed by various High Courts. The writ of habeas corpus is an effective means of immediate release from unlawful detention whether in prison or private custody. Physical confinement is not necessary to constitute detention. Control and custody are sufficient Legal necessities and technicalities are no impediments to the court entertaining the writ of habeas corpus if the basic facts are found. The writ of habeas corpus cannot only be used for releasing a person illegally detained but it will be also used for protecting him inhumane treatment inside the jail as stated in Sunil Batra case4

The scope of the writ of habeas corpus has considerably increased by virtue of the decision of the Supreme Court in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India5 and also by the adoption of forty-fourth amendment to the Constitution. Since the judicial interpretation of Article 21 has extended the magnitude of the concept of the personal liberty and the Court introduced the element -of fairness and justness in the ‘procedure established by law’, now a writ of habeas corpus would lie if the law depriving a person of his personal liberty is not fair, just and equitable.

Conclusion
The roots of our Constitution lie deep in the finer, spiritual sources of social justice, beyond the melting pot of bad politicking feudal crudities and sublimated sadism, sustaining itself by profound faith in Man and his latent divinity

Writ of habeas corpus is the fundamental instrument for safeguarding individual freedom against arbitrary and lawless state action. As it is rightly quoted by Pascal in Pensees.
“Justice without force is impotent force without justice is tyranny”.