Category: Education

The anatomy of the human body as a factor in artistic decision-making in tattoo art

Roman Zao (Zakharchenko)
Independent artist-researcher in visual culture and tattoo art
Master of Fine Arts (Graphic Design), Far Eastern Federal University
Judge of international tattoo conventions
Author of scholarly and research publications in tattoo art and visual culture
United States
EMAIL: Roman.Zao.ink@gmail.com 
ORCID: 0009-0003-5561-6339

UDC 7.036:391.91

Publication Date: 14 January 2026

Keywords: tattoo art, human anatomy, corporeality, visual culture, composition, body art, artistic decision-making, practice-based research

Tattoo art represents a distinct form of contemporary artistic practice in which the image is inseparable from the human body and cannot be examined outside its anatomical, spatial, and dynamic characteristics. Unlike traditional visual arts oriented toward a flat surface or a static volume, tattooing exists within the context of a living, constantly changing corporeal structure. This condition determines the central role of human anatomy in shaping artistic decision-making in tattoo art.

Contemporary research in body studies, visual studies, and body art emphasizes that the human body is not a neutral carrier of imagery. On the contrary, it functions as an active medium that influences composition, scale, rhythm, and the visual perception of an artistic image. Within the framework of this study, anatomy is considered a structuring factor of artistic decision-making rather than a secondary limitation of the creative process.

In tattoo art, the body constitutes a three-dimensional, dynamic form characterized by individual geometry, plasticity, and kinematics. Muscle masses, joint areas, natural curves, and transitional forms create a complex relief that inevitably interacts with the image. Artistic decision-making in tattooing emerges through a dialogue between the author’s concept and the anatomical features of a specific body. As a result, the same image transferred onto different bodies acquires distinct visual and semantic qualities.

Analysis of practical material and existing research demonstrates that neglecting anatomical factors leads to a loss of artistic integrity in tattoo imagery. Images created without regard for bodily geometry lose expressiveness in motion, deform with changes in body position, and enter into visual conflict with natural bodily lines. Conversely, integrating anatomical considerations into artistic decision-making enables the creation of images that maintain coherence and expressiveness both in static and dynamic states.

Of particular importance in tattoo art is work with areas of bodily mobility. Joints, shoulder and hip regions, and the spinal area require specific compositional approaches, as images in these zones are inevitably involved in movement. In such cases, artistic decisions are constructed with consideration not only of form but also of potential bodily kinetics. This brings tattoo art closer to principles of kinetic and performative art, in which movement constitutes an integral component of the artistic image.

Anatomy also directly affects the scale and rhythmic structure of composition. Large muscular surfaces allow for expanded forms and complex compositional structures, whereas anatomically complex areas demand more modular and fragmented solutions. In this context, the artistic thinking of the tattoo artist involves spatial modeling comparable to approaches used in sculpture and architecture.

For a clearer representation of the influence of anatomical factors on artistic decision-making in tattoo art, a comparative analytical overview is presented below.

Table 1. Influence of Human Anatomy on Artistic Decision-Making in Tattoo Art

Anatomical factorArtistic implicationCompositional strategyVisual outcome
Muscle volume and reliefDistortion or enhancement of formAlignment with muscle flowIncreased visual coherence
Joint mobilityImage deformation during movementDynamic or segmented compositionPreserved readability in motion
Body curvatureAltered perspectiveAdaptive scaling and curvature mappingNatural visual integration
Skin tension zonesLine instabilityControlled line directionStructural stability of image
Individual body proportionsScale imbalancePersonalized compositional layoutHarmonized body–image relationship

As the analysis demonstrates, artistic decision-making in tattoo art is formed through a complex consideration of anatomical factors. Body anatomy not only influences the technical execution of imagery but also becomes an active participant in the artistic process, shaping the visual logic and expressive capacity of the tattoo image.

Viewing anatomy as an artistic factor allows for a reconsideration of authorship in tattoo art. Artistic decisions do not arise from the transfer of a preexisting image onto the body but rather from the interaction between the author’s concept and the corporeal reality of a specific individual. In this sense, the body functions as a co-author of the artistic image, fundamentally distinguishing tattooing from most traditional forms of visual art.

Thus, human anatomy constitutes a foundational factor in artistic decision-making in tattoo art. Recognizing the body as an active artistic medium enables tattooing to be understood as a complex interdisciplinary practice situated at the intersection of art, anatomy, visual culture, and corporeality. Further investigation of this interaction is essential for a deeper understanding of tattoo art as a form of contemporary artistic expression.

References

Pitts, V. (2003). In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Featherstone, M. (2010). Body, image and affect in consumer culture. Body & Society, 16(1), 193–221.
DeMello, M. (2014). Inked: Tattoos and Body Art around the World. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
Sanders, C. R., & Vail, D. A. (2008). Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Sweetman, P. (2004). Anchoring the (postmodern) self? Body modification, fashion and identity. Body & Society, 10(2–3), 51–76.
Irwin, K. (2001/2003). Legitimating the first tattoo: Moral passage through informal interaction. Symbolic Interaction, 24(1), 49–73.
Jones, C. A. (2011). Body Art/Performing the Subject. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
MacCormack, P. (2008). The Anatomy of Disgust. New York: Continuum.
Braidotti, R. (2013). The Posthuman. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Pitts-Taylor, V. (2016). The Brain’s Body: Neuroscience and Corporeal Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.

When Rybelsus Fits Into Type 2 Diabetes Care: A Practical Guide

Oral options for type 2 diabetes are changing how people manage blood sugar. Rybelsus is one such option that works through a hormone pathway and supports day-to-day glucose control. This guide explains what to expect, how to use it well, and ways to reduce common challenges.

For context about formulation and dosing strengths, reviewRybelsus Semaglutide Pills to understand how the tablet is designed and taken on an empty stomach. The information below focuses on practical steps, symptom patterns, and safety considerations in everyday life.

How this oral GLP-1 option works in the body

This medicine acts like GLP-1, a gut hormone that helps regulate glucose. It signals the pancreas to release insulin when blood sugar rises and reduces excess sugar made by the liver. It also slows stomach emptying slightly, which may help with appetite and post-meal spikes.

Why this mechanism matters

People often notice steadier fasting levels and fewer late-day highs. Some experience reduced hunger, which can support gradual weight changes. Results vary, and benefits build over weeks as the body adjusts.

Who may consider it

Adults with type 2 diabetes who need better A1C control despite diet and exercise may be candidates. It is not for type 1 diabetes or diabetic ketoacidosis. A clinician will factor in kidney function, gastrointestinal history, and personal goals before prescribing.

Symptoms, goals, and everyday challenges

High blood sugar can cause thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurry vision. Over time, chronic highs raise risks for heart, kidney, eye, and nerve complications. The aim is consistent, safe targets while maintaining energy and preventing lows.

Setting realistic targets

Tracking fasting and post-meal readings helps spot patterns. Many people start with small, achievable goals such as trimming a 20–30 mg/dL rise after meals. Discuss personal targets and A1C goals with your clinician, especially if you have other conditions.

Recognizing early signals of change

During the first weeks, you may see smoother mornings or fewer sugar spikes after larger meals. Appetite may shift, making smaller portions feel sufficient. Keep a simple log of meals, doses, and symptoms to guide adjustments.

Getting started safely: timing, dosing, and interactions

Oral GLP-1 therapy is sensitive to timing and stomach conditions. The tablet is typically taken on an empty stomach with a small amount of water, followed by a wait period before eating, drinking, or taking other medications. Consistency at the same time each day helps absorption and outcomes.

Baseline checks and medical history

Before starting, clinicians often review kidney function, gastrointestinal history, and risk factors such as pancreatitis. Share all medications and supplements, including over-the-counter products. Mention any prior gallbladder issues, thyroid concerns, or severe reflux.

Other medicines and low-sugar risk

On its own, a GLP-1 usually has a low risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). However, when used with insulin or sulfonylureas, lows can occur. Know symptoms like shakiness, sweating, or confusion, and carry fast-acting carbs if your regimen includes a low-risk medicine paired with a higher-risk one.

Class context and options

These therapies are part of a broader group that target the GLP-1 pathway. For a general overview of the class, seeGLP-1 Agonists and discuss with your clinician how the oral form compares with injections for your needs.

Managing common side effects and staying consistent

Most side effects are gastrointestinal and tend to be mild to moderate. Nausea, fullness, burping, or softer stools are common during dose changes. They often improve within two to eight weeks as your body adapts.

Ways to reduce nausea and reflux

  • Eat smaller, more frequent meals instead of large portions.
  • Favor bland foods early on; limit very spicy or greasy meals.
  • Sip water slowly; avoid chugging liquids around meals.
  • Wait the recommended time after dosing before eating or drinking.
  • Reduce carbonated beverages if bloating is bothersome.

If symptoms persist

Track what triggers discomfort and share specifics with your clinician. Slowing the dose increase or pausing escalation can help. Seek urgent care for severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, signs of dehydration, or yellowing of the skin or eyes.

Protecting hydration and digestion

Because this class can slow stomach emptying, hydration matters. Aim for consistent fluids across the day, especially in hot weather or during exercise. Include fiber from vegetables, legumes, and whole grains to support regularity.

Nutrition, activity, and daily routines that reinforce progress

Medication works best when paired with simple habits. Consistent meals, movement, and sleep can sharpen your response and reduce swings. Small, repeatable steps often outperform drastic short-term changes.

Meal planning and portion balance

  • Build plates around non-starchy vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
  • Choose high-fiber carbohydrates like beans, oats, and berries.
  • Watch added sugars in drinks, sauces, and snacks.
  • Use a consistent breakfast, especially important with a morning tablet routine.

Movement that fits your life

Even short walks after meals can reduce post-meal spikes. Aim for regular aerobic activity and two sessions of resistance training weekly, as tolerated. If activity raises low-sugar concerns with other medicines, plan a small carb snack and test more often.

Sleep, stress, and alcohol

Short sleep and high stress can raise glucose. Create a bedtime routine and practice brief stress breaks during the day. If you drink alcohol, monitor sugars more closely and avoid drinking on an empty stomach.

Monitoring progress and knowing when to adjust

Regular reviews help you and your clinician decide on dose changes. Many people see early shifts within four to eight weeks, with larger A1C changes over several months. Labs and home readings together give the clearest picture.

What to track weekly

  • Fasting glucose at least a few mornings per week.
  • One or two post-meal checks at varying meals.
  • Side effects, appetite changes, and hydration.
  • Body weight trends, if weight is a goal.

When readings are off target

Consider meal timing, missed doses, illness, or new medicines. Review tablet timing and the wait period to protect absorption. Bring your log to appointments so your clinician can tailor next steps.

Safety signals to discuss promptly

Contact a clinician for ongoing severe GI symptoms, signs of dehydration, or unexplained abdominal pain. Sudden worsening of glucose with illness warrants closer monitoring. If you become pregnant or plan to conceive, review your treatment plan.

Some people explore cross-border options for cost or access and consider Canadian pharmacies that ship to the United States. If comparing sources, confirm licensure and dispensing standards, and discuss any changes with your clinician beforehand.

Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.

For site-wide education and resources on diabetes care, visitCanadianInsulin for general information and articles focused on condition management.

Ex UK/HMRC Tax Inspector – Amit Puri – Provides Statistics on Offshore / Worldwide Disclosure Facility & Indian Income

Pure Tax Investigations: HMRC Tax Investigation Specialists announced the release of their latest WDF article for AccountingWEB earlier this year, ‘Should HMRC ramp up offshore liability nudge letters?’ which was written by founder and managing director Amit Puri to provide up-to-date statistical information from HMRC on the Worldwide Disclosure Facility.

With 10+ years of direct experience at the UK tax authority – HM Revenue and Customs – and over 10 years in the private sector, Amit leverages his specialist tax disputes resolution expertise to analyse the facts and figures concerning HMRC’s “nudge-letters” as well as the non-disclosure related action taken. In India this problem is often referred to as offshore ‘black money’ and it has had its own disclosure facilities in the past.

What is the Worldwide Disclosure Facility (HMRC WDF)?

The Worldwide Disclosure Facility (HMRC WDF), which can be used to disclose a UK tax liability relating to an offshore issue, has now been running since September 2016.

It’s still running, providing individuals who have earned income or achieved gains overseas with a streamlined opportunity to bring their tax affairs up to date, by means of making a voluntary disclosure through an online portal. Provided a full and complete disclosure is made, there is no need to meet HMRC face-to-face or engage in numerous rounds of correspondence about the facts.

“Making such disclosures to HMRC can be uncomfortable, as one must recount what has been done (or not) and explain why. Experienced tax investigation and disclosure specialists will understand this part well and seek to provide peace of mind to their clients, while keeping abreast of WDF developments and HMRC’s practices” added Amit.

What do the HMRC WDF disclosure statistics show?

Let’s start by reviewing the number of WDF disclosures received by HMRC and the number of nudge letters, or one-to-many letters, as HMRC likes to call them nowadays, that were sent. The article has detailed figures, but some 53,000 WDF disclosures have been made (up to and including 2024/25).

From the WDF’s humble beginning in September 2016 where 88 disclosures were received (presumably in the calendar year), then ramping up in 2017, and then the most ever were received in 2018 and 2019 per year. This coincided with the Requirement to Correct (RTC) window. This was so that disclosures could still be based on the regular offshore penalties regime. After that window closed, all disclosures had to be based on the newer, much more aggressive Failure to Correct (FTC) offshore penalties regime — for tax years up to and including 2015/16.

… the average penalties per disclosure has remained quite flat. Averaging a little over £1,000 at their lowest, and up to about £2,500 for other years. We expected them to rise over time as more FTC penalties are involved.

WDF disclosure numbers remaining flat

It is safe to say the number of WDF disclosures received annually has remained quite flat too, which again is quite surprising. But, notably, the number of nudge letters sent out by HMRC has decreased in relative terms over the years, despite more offshore financial accounts data being available to HMRC and their supposedly advanced IT and innovative analysis tools.

So it doesn’t come as a surprise to see that the average taxes secured per disclosure have not increased over time. This is despite the newer extended 12-year tax assessing rule for offshore matters being introduced. One should expect there to be more tax years included in WDF disclosures over time, all other things being equal.

There seems to be no good reason for the average taxes recovered figures being much lower for 2021/22, and for it being much higher for 2022/23. These seem to be anomalies.

Fewer WDF disclosure nudge letters

Interestingly though, it could be that the significant reductions in the number of nudge letters sent in 2021 and 2022 have contributed to the lower yields from disclosures in 2021 onwards. We compared this to the higher tax revenues in earlier years when a lot more nudge letters were sent out.

It is clear that annual revenues from WDF disclosures have never recovered, and neither have the number of nudge letters sent out.

The article had detailed annual figures, but let’s note that in total some £815,654,804 had been raised in taxes, interest and penalties.

Some £665m was secured in taxes, through the WDF. When we include associated late payment interest and penalties thereon, the total revenues are c.£816m. This excludes the future benefit of voluntary compliance, where clients maintain their correct footing and file accurate tax returns as appropriate in the future.

Could HMRC do more to encourage more WDF disclosures?

Of course. There seem to be material issues with their handling of the offshore financial data and/or the quality of that data. It is plain to see the number of WDF disclosures made has remained painfully minuscule compared to the enormous volume of banking data received and available…

As an example, look at the number of disclosures received for 2018 and 2019 — a total of 16,589 — but consider the number of offshore accounts reported to HMRC in say 2017 or 2018 — around 3–4m. The data exponentially eclipsed the number of disclosures.

Also, in May 2022, HMRC reported that in 2019, UK residents had some £850bn in offshore financial accounts. Also, in their No Safe Havens 2019 report, they reported to have received some 5.67m records in 2018 alone pertaining to offshore bank accounts.

There seems to be a lack of ambition at HMRC, despite being armed with so much offshore banking data they could probably swim in it. So it should come as no surprise that we still strongly believe the number of WDF disclosures made has always directly been influenced by the number of nudge letters sent by HMRC.

*** CONTACT: Pure Tax Investigations, 63 St Mary Axe, London, EC3A 8AA, United Kingdom +44 203 7575 669 / pure-tax.com

How can we help with WDF disclosures?

If you or your client has been contacted by HMRC about non-UK / offshore income / Indian interest income and offshore bank accounts then we can help steer that worldwide disclosure facility process, to keep it on track and focused, to bring about a swift and commercial conclusion. We will fully review the underlying records to identify investment interest income, dividends, and gains on assets, so that we robustly prepare annual tax calculations. We are not in the business of procrastinating.

Importantly, we deliver that all-important trusted ‘buffer’ between our clients and HMRC during their in-depth and intrusive investigations and in all voluntary disclosures too.

From experience and speaking to other practitioners, we noted that HMRC has been writing to people with much smaller levels of income overseas and/or those who have not been in the UK for long. That too signals the end of any low-hanging fruit era. But the take-home message remains that, those who wait for HMRC to contact them lose the ability to make a wholly voluntary disclosure and are therefore unable to secure the minimum FTC penalties (100%). Unfortunately, prompted FTC penalties start at 150%.

It is still a good time to review a client’s overseas activities, accounts and wealth to ensure UK taxes on investment income and gains are correctly calculated, disclosed and paid. We encourage seeking out specialist tax disclosures advice where there is a lack of experience in making them and handling corresponding inquiries, to secure the very best possible outcomes for our clients, based on robust knowledge about tax assessment rules regarding time limits, the various offshore penalty regimes that apply, and double taxation relief quirks.

Founded by ex-senior Tax Inspector Amit Puri, who boasts over ten years of direct experience at HM Revenue and Customs, Pure Tax Investigations is a tax investigation specialists boutique firm, offering expert Tax Investigations and Disputes, Business Enquiries and Disclosures support. Along with wider HMRC specialist support to their clients and their existing advisers, as well as some tax restructuring, estate planning and other tax advisory services.

Pure Tax Investigations has become renowned for its pragmatic, client-centric approach, offering clear and bespoke tax advice tailored to each client’s unique tax concerns and business aspirations. Utilising a wide range of local and international accounting and tax knowledge, the HMRC tax investigation specialists provide peace of mind and certainty to clients by ensuring HMRC is effectively managed.

Amit Puri, Pure Tax Investigations: +44 20 3757 5669 / info@pure-tax.com

DIY versus hiring a pro for dry rot repairs

It’s never a good feeling to find a soft spot on your deck rail or notice paint peeling off your porch trim. For homeowners in Sacramento, dry rot is a common problem that often goes unnoticed until damage is done. If you want a clear overview, the Sierra Blog explains the basics well. Dry rot is a type of wood decay caused by fungi that grow where there’s moisture and poor airflow. It might seem minor at first, but dry rot can quickly weaken wood and turn a small issue into a real safety concern.

The science behind dry rot is straightforward. The fungus, known as Serpula lacrymans, needs moisture, oxygen, and wood to thrive. It sends out thin strands called hyphae that break down the wood’s structure. As a result, the wood crumbles, turns brittle, and changes color. Dry rot usually appears in dark, damp places such as under decks, behind trim, or inside porch posts. You might notice wood shrinking or cracking, paint bubbling or peeling for no clear reason, or even a musty smell. Sometimes, all it takes is a small leak for dry rot to take hold and spread fast.

Finding these warning signs early is important. Quick action can mean a simple repair. If you wait, you may face the cost and trouble of replacing large sections of wood. Dry rot is not something to ignore or put off. Acting fast can save you both time and money, and help avoid bigger structural problems later. Knowing what dry rot looks like is the first step before deciding whether to handle repairs yourself or hire a professional.

DIY Dry Rot Repair

Fixing dry rot on your own can be both rewarding and a bit risky. Some homeowners enjoy rolling up their sleeves, especially if they already have the right tools. Others might want to save money or time, especially for small jobs. Sometimes, a repair is simple enough to handle without outside help – if you know what you’re facing.

When DIY Is Enough

Here’s a quick story. Last spring, a friend in Citrus Heights found a soft spot on a stair tread leading to his deck. The damage was limited and he spotted it early, before it spread. With a little research and a simple repair kit, he cut out the bad wood, treated the area, patched it, and finished in just a few hours. He was back to grilling that evening. The main reason it worked? He caught the problem early and kept the repair small. For minor, easy-to-see patches like this, handling it yourself often makes sense.

DIY Checklist

Quick Tip: If you can see exactly where the rot stops, the damage is not deep, and the spot isn’t holding up a roof or deck, you can probably fix it yourself. If you have any doubts, reach out to a professional.

  • The rotten patch is smaller than a dinner plate
  • The wood is not part of a support beam or main structure
  • No mold, mushrooms, or deep crumbling wood are visible
  • You can reach and remove all of the damaged area

Here are the basic steps for a typical DIY dry rot repair:

  • Find and mark the rotten wood
  • Cut away all damaged material
  • Treat the area around the cut with a wood hardener or fungicide
  • Patch the hole with new wood or epoxy filler
  • Prime, paint, or seal the area to prevent future damage

These repairs don’t require special training, but you do need to work carefully. Gather a saw, chisel, dust mask, gloves, and take your time. Missing hidden rot or rushing the job could end up causing more trouble down the road. If you find the damage spreading, see signs of trouble near supports, or uncover anything unexpected, it’s safer to stop and contact a professional. The next section explains exactly when that’s the best move.

The Case for Hiring a Pro

Many homeowners feel confident grabbing a hammer to tackle dry rot repairs. Sometimes, a quick fix works. Other times, that small soft spot turns into a much bigger problem. Dry rot often hides beneath the surface, spreading quietly for years. What looks minor on the outside can mean major trouble deeper in the structure.

Dry rot doesn’t care where it starts. It can eat through support beams, posts, and joists. If you fix only what you see and miss the hidden damage, you risk bigger repairs down the line. I once met someone who replaced a few deck boards on their own. The next year, the main support beam gave out. Moisture had spread, and they ended up needing a full rebuild. If they had called a professional right away, they could have fixed just the problem area and saved a lot of money and hassle.

There’s another layer to think about: building codes and warranties. In many cities, repairs to structural parts – like beams, joists, or stairs – must meet local codes. If the work isn’t up to standard, you could run into trouble when selling your home. Professionals know the rules and make sure repairs pass inspection. Most also offer a guarantee on their work, giving you extra protection if issues come up later. That peace of mind matters.

Red Flags That Need an Expert

If you notice any of these warning signs, it’s best to call a professional:

  1. Dry rot shows up in support posts, beams, or joists (not just surface boards).
  2. The deck sags, shifts, or feels bouncy when you walk on it.
  3. Rot appears in hard-to-reach spots, like under stairs or behind siding.
  4. You’re unsure how far the damage goes, or the affected area keeps growing.
  5. The repair requires permits or inspections.

Trying to fix dry rot alone can easily turn a small repair into a major project. If you spot any of these red flags, or even just feel unsure, don’t risk it. A professional can find the real problem and fix it right the first time. Sometimes, the smartest choice is getting help from someone with the right experience.

Making the Right Choice

Choosing between fixing dry rot yourself or hiring a professional is often a balancing act. Think of it like spotting a stubborn stain on your shirt. You could try to fix it alone, but there’s always a risk of making things worse. The main things to consider are how much damage there is, your confidence with repairs, and how much risk you’re comfortable taking to save money.

If the dry rot is shallow, easy to reach, and you know your way around a chisel and some epoxy, trying it yourself can make sense. But if you see warning signs like crumbling wood, spreading soft spots, or anything from the earlier red flag list, it’s time to get help. Don’t ignore areas you can’t see or damage near stairs and railings. Safety comes first.

DIY repairs can save money and time, but only if the problem is small and you feel prepared. If anything feels off or the job seems bigger than you expected, reach out to a professional. Quick self-assessment helps: is this a simple patch or a bigger issue? When in doubt, ask for expert advice. The safest fix is the one that keeps your home strong and lets you spend your weekends doing things you actually enjoy. Listen to what the wood is telling you. If you aren’t sure, it’s always wiser to get help than to risk making the damage worse.

Call for Papers- International Journal of Research (IJR)

📢 Call for Papers

International Journal of Research (IJR)

The International Journal of Research (IJR) invites original and high-quality research papers for publication in its upcoming issues. IJR is a peer-reviewed, open-access international journal that provides a global platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, and students to disseminate their scholarly work across a wide range of disciplines.

🌐 Journal Website: https://ijrjournal.com
📧 Paper Submission Email: ijr@ijrjournal.com
💲 Article Processing Charge (APC): Just USD 10 (One-time, after acceptance)

About the Journal

The International Journal of Research (IJR) is committed to promoting accessible, affordable, and ethical scholarly publishing. As an open-access journal, IJR ensures that all published articles are freely available to readers worldwide, thereby enhancing visibility, citation potential, and academic impact.

The journal follows a rigorous peer-review process to maintain academic quality while ensuring a fast and transparent review timeline, making it especially suitable for early-career researchers and scholars from developing regions.

Scope of the Journal

IJR is multidisciplinary in nature and welcomes research contributions from (but not limited to) the following areas:

  • Social Sciences and Humanities
  • Education and Pedagogy
  • Management, Commerce, and Economics
  • Science and Technology
  • Engineering and Applied Sciences
  • Architecture, Planning, and Design
  • Environmental Studies and Sustainability
  • Law, Public Policy, and Governance
  • Health, Psychology, and Allied Sciences
  • Interdisciplinary and Emerging Research Areas

Both theoretical and empirical studies are encouraged.

Types of Papers Accepted

The journal accepts the following categories of manuscripts:

  • Original Research Articles
  • Review Papers
  • Case Studies
  • Conceptual Papers
  • Short Communications
  • Book Reviews

All submissions must be original, unpublished, and not under consideration by any other journal.

Why Publish with IJR?

✔ Open Access publication
✔ Very low APC – only USD 10
✔ International editorial and reviewer base
✔ Fast peer-review and publication process
✔ DOI assignment for published articles
✔ Global visibility and readership
✔ Author-friendly submission process

IJR strongly supports inclusive academic publishing, making research publication affordable without compromising scholarly standards.

Submission Guidelines

Authors are requested to submit their manuscripts in MS Word format to:
📧 ijr@ijrjournal.com

The manuscript should include:

  • Title and author details
  • Abstract and keywords
  • Main text with proper references
  • Declaration of originality

Detailed author guidelines are available on the journal website:
🌐 https://ijrjournal.com

Important Dates

📌 Submission: Open (Rolling submissions accepted)
📌 Review Process: Fast and peer-reviewed
📌 Publication: Immediately after acceptance and APC payment

Invitation to Authors

The editorial board of IJR warmly invites researchers, faculty members, PhD scholars, postgraduate students, and independent researchers to submit their valuable work and become part of a growing international research community.

📨 Submit your paper today to:
ijr@ijrjournal.com

🔗 Visit the journal: https://ijrjournal.com

Holiday Jewelry Trends 2026: The Gemstones Shaping This Festive Season

The holiday season has long been the most influential period for the fine jewelry industry, setting the tone for both gifting and personal style in the year ahead. As consumers prepare for Christmas and end-of-year celebrations, gemstone choices are increasingly driven not only by tradition, but also by symbolism, individuality, and emotional resonance. In 2026, jewelry trends reflect a clear shift toward meaningful pieces that tell a story while still delivering visual brilliance.

According to an article on Yahoo Finance, which explores the latest Most Popular Gemstones for Luxury Jewelry 2026 Report by Gems, the holiday period generates approximately 24% of all annual fine jewelry sales, making it the single most important season for gemstone demand and trend formation.

A Data-Driven Look at Holiday Gemstone Preferences

Using national live-shopping performance data alongside consumer insights, Gems has identified the twelve gemstones that are defining holiday jewelry preferences for 2026. The list blends enduring classics with colored stones that have surged in popularity as shoppers seek jewelry that feels personal and expressive.

Diamond continues to hold the top position as the ultimate symbol of celebration, commitment, and luxury. Its timeless appeal ensures it remains a centerpiece of holiday gifting. Close behind is sapphire, prized for its regal color and durability, making it a favorite for both statement pieces and everyday elegance.

Opal has emerged as one of the most eye-catching choices this season, thanks to its unique play of color that makes every piece one of a kind. Pearls, once associated primarily with tradition, are now being reimagined in contemporary designs, positioning them as one of the most fashion-forward holiday gifts of the year.

Among colored gemstones, tanzanite stands out for its rarity and vivid blue-violet hue. With its limited geographic origin, it is increasingly viewed as a future heirloom. Ruby remains a seasonal favorite, its deep red tones aligning perfectly with festive symbolism, while emerald continues to represent renewal, vitality, and timeless sophistication.

The list is rounded out by stones that offer versatility and emotional appeal, including tourmaline with its wide color spectrum, turquoise for its calming sky-blue tones, amethyst for its refined purple elegance, aquamarine for its serene ocean-inspired clarity, and garnet, valued for its warm, rich hues that feel especially fitting for winter celebrations.

Why Meaning Matters More Than Ever

Industry experts note that modern consumers are becoming more intentional in their jewelry purchases. Rather than focusing solely on material value, buyers are prioritizing gemstones that reflect personal milestones, values, or stories.

“Shoppers are clearly leaning into color, symbolism, and individuality,” says Mike Burnette, Vice President of Jewelry Operations at Gems. He highlights that opals and tanzanite are experiencing significant growth, while pearls have undergone a complete transformation into contemporary statement pieces.

This evolution reflects a broader trend within luxury retail: authenticity and emotional connection now play a central role in purchasing decisions.

Key Holiday Jewelry Trends to Watch

Several clear patterns are shaping the 2026 holiday jewelry landscape:

  • Meaning over materialism: Consumers favor gemstones that represent personal stories or emotional significance.
  • Color as a modern classic: Sapphire, tourmaline, opal, and aquamarine continue to gain momentum as alternatives to traditional neutrals.
  • Rarity and longevity: Limited-origin gemstones such as tanzanite are increasingly gifted as long-term keepsakes rather than seasonal accessories.

Insights for Brands and Gift Guides

For retailers, editors, and content creators developing holiday gift guides, these trends offer valuable insight into what resonates with today’s audience. Jewelry that balances beauty, symbolism, and authenticity is far more likely to capture consumer attention during the competitive holiday season.

About Gems

Gems is a leading fine jewelry live-shopping platform, offering 24/7 access to diamonds, gemstones, and designer jewelry through television, streaming, and digital channels. With nearly 30 years of industry expertise and a legacy of more than one million pieces sold, Gems combines education, transparency, and exceptional value for modern jewelry consumers.

The Role of Christian Dubbing in Reaching International Audiences

Digital media has opened the door for Christian teaching to reach millions worldwide, yet the effectiveness of that message still depends on one crucial factor: language. It is still a significant obstacle to international missionary outreach. Written translations are insufficient for many audiences. At this point, biblical faithfulness, spoken clarity, and cultural sensitivity work together, enabling Christian dubbing to communicate God’s message across cultures with trust and depth.

Photo by Su00f3c Nu0103ng u0110u1ed9ng on Pexels.com

Why Voice Matters in Christian Media Translation

Voice is intimate by nature, making the delivery of a message in Christian media translation just as important as its content. Professional dubbing makes a sermon, testimonial, or Bible lesson seem relatable and immediate, which increases audience engagement.

By removing literacy barriers, dubbed content helps make Christian teaching accessible to oral learners across multilingual ministries. It further allows churches and ministries to adapt radio, podcast, and video content for new regions without the time and cost of starting from scratch. Dubbing modifies tone, tempo, and phrases in conjunction with Christian localization to make the message seem indigenous rather than alien.

A Real-Life Ministry Scenario

A clear example of Christian dubbing in action can be seen in Christian Lingua’s work on a large educational video series created in English for Christian learning and discipleship. The videos were intended to teach practical religion subjects and biblical truths, but language limitations prevented them from reaching a wider audience.

In collaboration with the ministry, Christian Lingua translated and dubbed the entire series into over thirty languages. To maintain scriptural meaning, instructional clarity, and organic spoken delivery, each translation was carefully adapted. Editors, faith-conscious translators, and native-speaking voice actors collaborated to make sure the content sounded genuine and culturally relevant in each language.

Protecting Scripture and Theology Through Dubbing

Because Christian content carries theological weight, it requires far more care than general media. Every spoken reference to Scripture, doctrinal expression, and prayer must preserve its original meaning. 

This is why ministries rely on Christian translation experts who understand both language and theology. Linguists, voice actors, and editors collaborate with Christian Lingua to make sure dubbed content is both entertaining and natural for local audiences while maintaining biblical soundness.

Strengthening Multilingual Ministry Through Partnership

Christian dubbing is more than just a technical procedure; it’s a missionary collaboration that helps Christian leaders faithfully steward their message, fosters long-term multilingual growth, and develops trust with global audiences. With a dedication to biblical accuracy, cultural care, and responsible worldwide outreach, Christian Lingua provides churches, ministries, publishers, and non-profits with professional Christian translation services, voice-over, subtitles, ASL interpretation, and dubbing.

If your ministry is ready to expand beyond language barriers and connect authentically with believers worldwide, visit Christian Lingua and explore how professional Christian localization and dubbing can amplify your message for the global Church. Faithful communication across cultures begins with language handled responsibly.

Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma’s Profile: A Legacy of Knowledge and Empowerment

Hailing from a modest middle-class family in India, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma’s early life was shaped by his father’s unwavering dedication to education. As a schoolteacher, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma father instilled in him the values of perseverance, intellectual curiosity, and a commitment to societal upliftment. From a young age, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma exhibited an extraordinary fascination with financial systems, captivated by the intricate interplay of numbers, market behaviors, and the mechanisms of wealth creation. This passion propelled him to pursue a rigorous academic path, culminating in a degree from IIT Bombay and a PhD in Finance from the prestigious Wharton School of Business.

At J.P. Morgan, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma’s expertise flourished as he became a prominent private fund manager and stock strategist, overseeing portfolios exceeding $6 billion. During this phase, he not only achieved financial independence but also gained firsthand exposure to the high-stakes, often ruthless dynamics of global capital markets. Yet, despite his international success, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma heart remained deeply rooted in India—a nation he felt had nurtured his journey and to which he owed a profound sense of responsibility.

Five years ago, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma made the pivotal decision to return to India, dedicating himself to mentoring retail investors. Through extensive interactions with thousands of individuals, he uncovered a disheartening trend: nearly 95% of Indian traders were losing money not due to lack of effort, but due to systemic barriers, outdated strategies, and limited access to institutional-grade knowledge. “Their aspirations are valid,” he asserts, “but the system favors the privileged.” Determined to bridge this gap, he authored The Secrets of Stocks, a groundbreaking manual designed to democratize financial literacy and empower everyday investors.

Key Insights from The Secrets of Stocks:

Decoding Institutional Market Manipulation Tactics: Reveals how large players exploit market asymmetries and how retail investors can recognize and counter these strategies.

Building Disciplined, Adaptive Trading Frameworks: Teaches risk-aware methodologies tailored to India’s volatile markets, emphasizing long-term sustainability over short-term gains.

Navigating India’s Unique Regulatory and Economic Landscape: Addresses challenges such as policy shifts, tax implications, and local market behaviors to help investors stay ahead.

Transforming Hard-Earned Capital into Sustainable Wealth: Provides actionable steps to align investment goals with personal financial aspirations, fostering confidence and clarity.

Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma’s vision is unambiguous: to position The Secrets of Stocks as the most trusted guide for Indian retail investors, enabling them to reclaim control over their financial futures. “My purpose is to give back to the nation that shaped me,” he states, underscoring his belief that financial empowerment is a cornerstone of societal progress.

A Mission Rooted in Purpose

Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma’s journey exemplifies the transformative power of knowledge. By merging his global expertise with an intimate understanding of India’s financial ecosystem, he has created a roadmap for retail investors to navigate complex markets with confidence. His work is not merely a book—it is a movement toward equitable financial literacy, where every individual, regardless of background, can harness the tools to build lasting wealth.

As he continues to expand his reach through workshops, mentorship programs, and digital platforms, Dr. Rahul Kumar Sharma remains steadfast in his mission: to ensure that the lessons of Wall Street are no longer the privilege of a few but the foundation for millions. “Knowledge is the ultimate equalizer,” he concludes. “With discipline, strategy, and the right guidance, every Indian investor can rewrite their financial destiny.”

How to get ready for German TELC exam

Preparing for TELC exams requires a structured approach that addresses language proficiency and familiarity with the exam format. Since TELC assessments focus on practical communication, candidates can benefit from using targeted study materials and interactive practice tools. Several effective preparation methods can help you steadily improve and build confidence before test day:

Official TELC practice tests

These materials mirror the actual exam structure, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking tasks. Working with these tests allows candidates to understand the timing, types of tasks, and scoring expectations. Regular practice also helps identify common patterns, such as text formats, vocabulary themes, and frequently appearing instructions. Taking full tests under timed conditions improves time management and discipline.

Online prep courses

Many language schools https://iisc-institute.de/ and testing centers offer programs focused on the TELC that include structured lessons, grammar reviews, and exam simulations. These courses often incorporate feedback from instructors who are experienced in TELC evaluation standards. With guided instruction, learners can identify and address their weaknesses and adapt to the communication-oriented nature of the exam. Online courses are useful for candidates who prefer flexibility or need to balance preparation with work or studies.

Interactive language-learning platforms

Those that incorporate speaking recognition, vocabulary building, and contextual grammar practice help reinforce daily language usage. Combining these platforms with exam-specific exercises strengthens overall fluency and comprehension. They are effective for maintaining regular practice, especially between more intensive study sessions.

Conversation groups

Such groups, as well as language exchange sessions, are beneficial for improving speaking skills. Since TELC exams emphasize communicative ability, practicing with partners encourages spontaneity, listening comprehension, and natural expression. Real-time conversations provide a more realistic environment than scripted exercises and support the fluency required for the oral component of the exam.

Intensive preparation:

  1. Textbooks and workbooks designed for TELC levels offer structured explanations of grammar, lists of vocabulary, and reading exercises organized by theme. These resources align with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), ensuring the practice material matches the expected linguistic complexity at each level.
  2. For the writing section, guided writing prompts and model text reviews can help you master common formats, such as emails, formal letters, and short reports. Practicing structure, tone, and clarity reduces uncertainty and improves performance on the written section.
  3. Listening skills can be improved through audio materials, podcasts, and recorded dialogues similar to those used in TELC assessments. Exposure to varied accents and speaking speeds helps prepare candidates for typical listening tasks.
  4. Finally, periodically taking mock exams allows candidates to track their progress and adjust their study strategy. These simulations highlight remaining gaps and confirm readiness for the actual exam.

Modern online dating: how user expectations have changed

Online dating has long ceased to be a novelty. Today, it is difficult to find someone who has never met someone online. At first, it was casual encounters on forums and social networks, then a targeted search for partners in special apps. Over the years, not only has the format of dating changed, but so have users’ expectations. Previously, they often relied on “chance”, and a beautiful photo and a few short phrases in a profile were enough to start a conversation. Today, users have become more discerning and conscious — they know exactly who they want to meet and why. And it is they who dictate the rules of online dating, not app developers.

What users expect in 2025

The main difference between today’s audience is a more conscious approach to choosing both a dating platform and a partner. People are no longer interested in just swiping; they want the acquaintance to continue in real life.

Here are the key expectations of modern users:

  • Authenticity. People want to see a real person in front of them, with their pros and cons. Photos that have been retouched beyond recognition are no longer attractive; on the contrary, they are repulsive. That is why developers are increasingly introducing the ability to see the other person live, for example, through video. This approach helps to avoid unpleasant surprises and mismatches between expectations and reality.
  • Quick transition to live communication. The pace of life has accelerated, and users no longer want to spend weeks chatting online, trying to figure out whether it is worth meeting in real life. More and more people are communicating via video to immediately assess how comfortable they are with each other and whether there is that special “chemistry”.
  • Simplicity. Users are tired of filling out questionnaires and don’t want to spend a lot of time creating a profile. That’s why services with the simplest possible interface are gaining popularity, where all you need to do to start communicating is press the “Start” button.
  • Security. People expect high-quality moderation and protection of personal data. This is a basic standard without which users do not want to stay on the platform. They want to be sure that their conversations are private, that their personal information is not used by third-party services, and that the risk of encountering fakes or bots is reduced to zero.

Video chats can meet all these expectations. And while the first chat roulettes were mainly used just to have fun, today such platforms are a full-fledged tool for finding a soul mate.

Why users choose video chats

The popularity of such services is a natural response to new needs. Today, people are less and less trusting of profiles that look too perfect. No one wants to waste their time communicating with fakes or people who are simply trying to pass off their desires as reality. The video format allows you to weed out such users in literally a few seconds. Platform moderators are interested in keeping them safe and comfortable. Therefore, they carefully monitor the atmosphere within and block anyone who violates the rules.

In addition, online video chats save time. There is no need to spend days on correspondence that may turn out to be useless. Most often, a short video conversation is enough to understand whether you want to continue communicating. After all, you see the person as they really are, without filters or masks. And while you can take time to “think” when writing, in video chats everything happens here and now. And you don’t have to guess the mood of the other person based on their writing style and emojis. Here, you can see their facial expressions, intonation, and gestures. And you can easily understand whether the person is interested in communicating or just keeping the conversation going out of politeness.

Another reason to use random video chat is the absence of swipes. More and more people are saying that they are tired of this format of dating. And this is not surprising, because sometimes all your free time is spent on swipes, and there is no time left to communicate. There is even a phenomenon known as the Netflix effect. Users endlessly scroll through profiles, trying to find the perfect candidate. And in the end, they never decide to start communicating with someone, because they are sure that somewhere out there on the internet there is someone better. In Kamchatka, communication begins immediately after connecting. The system selects conversation partners itself, and does so randomly. It is simply impossible to predict who will be on the other side of the screen. Therefore, in video chats, you can meet people you would never have met in real life or on the internet.

Platforms that deserve your attention

LuckyCrush is an online video chat that attracts users with its simplicity. There are no complicated settings: the interface is as intuitive as possible, and even a beginner can figure out how everything works. The platform allows you to choose the gender of your conversation partner and the language for comfortable communication. And if you don’t like the person, you can just click the “Next” button and the system will connect you with a new conversation partner in just a few seconds.

CooMeet.chat differs from LuckyCrushLive in that it has a gender filter, thanks to which men only communicate with women and vice versa. So if you’re interested in romantic encounters, this platform is what you need. In addition, every girl here must register and confirm her details. Therefore, the risk of encountering a fake or a bot is zero.

CooMeet.chat has other features that make communication more comfortable. For example, you can choose the language of communication and use the message translator if you decide to chat with a foreigner. Another interesting feature is Stories, which works the same way as on Instagram. You can record short videos or upload photos so that users can learn more about you before chatting. You can also view other people’s Stories. CooMeet.chat can be used on both a computer and a phone — in addition to the desktop version, there are convenient mobile apps for iOS and Android.

A new era of online dating

Modern dating apps are creating a new environment — one that is safer and more “lively”. The days when video chats were used by fakes and freaks are gradually becoming a thing of the past. Today, it is quite possible to find a soul mate on such platforms. The main thing is to be open to new acquaintances and not forget that on the other side of the screen are real people, not soulless avatars.