Category: Business and Management

Reading and its Techniques

There are four skills usually used to master a language. Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing. A good reader becomes good listeners, speakers and writers. Nonetheless, the fact remains that no one skill learned alone, mostly the combination of all skills. Reading is preferred for Pleasure, examination, general information, specific knowledge, problem-solving, draw logic etc.

Types of Reading

1. Scanning

2. Skimming

3. Intensive Reading

4. Extensive Reading 

Above are the four types of readings. Usually, we call them as reading techniques.

In the age of internet and information overload what to read and what not to read is extremely crucial. Reading techniques help in dealing with such a situation. 

Detail Explanation of types of reading

Scanning

Scanning is reading with a specific purpose in mind for specific information. When one reads an entire text/ document quickly while looking for specific information, it is known as scanning. 

For examples:- Going through an entire newspaper and looking for specific news like try to get specific information about Delhi University admission, on Election- Poll etc.

Skimming

Skimming is speed reading for an overview of general information. Going through an entire newspaper quickly through the headlines is an example of skimming. Going through Data- table quickly to elicit to an overall idea of the topic on which data is presented is an example of skimming techniques of reading. Do not expect or deep comprehension of the written text after skimming. Reading only the headings of the chapter is skimming.

“A.K Pugh in his book “Silent Reading – An Introduction to its Study and Teaching suggested that since scanning is a less complex style of reading it can be introduced first. Skimming requires fluency and more practice required, it should be introduced later.”

Intensive Reading

It is a specific written piece for a specific purpose. It is going into minutest details of a particular word/phrase/line/paragraph.

For example:- 

“The woods are lovely dark & deep

But I have promises to keep

And miles to go before I sleep”

Refer: “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by “Robert Frost”

To answer a question like,’ what is the meaning of ‘woods’ in the poem, one will adopt intensive reading techniques. This Skill is very crucial for language learners, as they pick up vocabulary focus on structure& syntax while following these techniques.

Scrivener in his book ‘Learning Teaching’ Published in 1994, described that the readers carefully and closely read a short text to gain as an understanding of as much as detail as possible.

Extensive Reading

It is a kind of general reading for general information. Generally, this technique is used for pleasure reading, like reading a novel for pleasures.

For Example:- If one is asked to read to a chapter before discussing it in class, one goes for extensive reading to get the general idea of the piece. While reading unseen passage, both extensive & intensive both is required. For dealing with specific questions intensive reading is required, but for initial reading is for the general idea of the passage.

Skimming and Scanning Together

  • Both are referred to as types of reading & other times as skills. 
  • By practising skimming & scanning, the individual learns to read and select specific information without focusing on information that is not important or meaning. 
  • Skimming involves a thorough overview of a text and implies limited activity, only retrieving information relevant to a purpose.

Intensive and Extensive Reading Together

  • It is common for both approaches to reading to be used in the same class. For example, where extensive reading is encouraged, the teacher may have the student read together or learn a specific skill such as writing an outline.
  • In the class where intensive reading is mostly used, the student may be asked to read texts of their choosing to report back on, in either an oral or written format.
  • In both approaches, it is not the nature of the skills that are of most interest but rather, results.

CHITRA, WHY DID YOU PAY MY HOTEL BILL? 🥰

The ticket collector came in and started checking people’s tickets. Suddenly, he looked in my direction and asked, ‘What about your ticket?”Not you, madam, the girl hiding below your berth. Hey, come out, where is your ticket?’ Someone was sitting below my berth. When the collector yelled at her, the girl came out of hiding.She was thin, dark, scared and looked like she had been crying profusely. She must have been about 13 or 14 years old. She had uncombed hair and was dressed in a torn skirt and blouse. She was trembling and folded both her hands. The collector started forcibly pulling her out from the compartment. Suddenly, I had a strange feeling. I stood up and called out to the collector. ‘Sir, I will pay for her ticket,’ I said.Then he looked at me and said, ‘Madam, if you give her ten rupees, she will be much happier with that than with the ticket.’I did not listen to him. I told the collector to give me a ticket to the last destination, Bangalore, so that the girl could get down wherever she wanted.Slowly, she started talking. She told me that her name was Chitra. She lived in a village near Bidar. Her father was a coolie and she had lost her mother at birth. Her father had remarried and had two sons with her stepmother. But a few months ago, her father died. Her stepmother started beating her often and did not give her food. She did not have anybody to support her so she left home in search of something better.By this time, the train had reached Bangalore. I said goodbye to Chitra and got down from the train. My driver came and picked up my bags. I felt someone watching me. When I turned back, Chitra was standing there and looking at me with sad eyes. But there was nothing more that I could do. I had paid her ticket out of compassion but I had never thought that she was going to be my responsibility!I told her to get into my car. My driver looked at the girl curiously. I told him to take us to my friend Ram’s place. Ram ran separate shelter homes for boys and girls. We at the Infosys Foundation supported him financially. I thought Chitra could stay there for some time and then we could talk about her future.Ram suggested that Chitra could go to a high school nearby. I said that I would sponsor her expenses. I left the shelter knowing that Chitra had found a home and a new direction in her life.I always enquired about Chitra’s well-being over the phone. She was studying well and her progress was good.. I offered to sponsor her college studies if she wanted to continue studying. But she said, ‘No, Akka. I have talked to my friends and made up my mind. I would do my diploma in computer science so that I can immediately get a job after 3 years.’ She wanted to become economically independent as soon as possible. Chitra obtained her diploma & got a job in a software company as an assistant testing engineer. When she got her first salary, she came to my office with a sari and a box of sweets.One day, I got a call from Chitra. She was very happy. ‘Akka, my company is sending me to USA! I wanted to meet you and take your blessings but you are not here in Bangalore.’Years passed. Occasionally, I received an e-mail from Chitra. She was doing very well in her career. She was posted across several cities in USA and was enjoying life. I silently prayed that she should always be happy wherever she was.Years later, I was invited to deliver a lecture in San Francisco for Kannada Koota, an organization where families who speak Kannada meet and organize events. The lecture was in a convention hall of a hotel and I decided to stay at the same hotel. After the lecture, I was planning to leave for the airport. When I checked out of the hotel room and went to the reception counter to pay the bill, the receptionist said, ‘Ma’am, you don’t need to pay us anything. The lady over there has already settled your bill. She must know you pretty well.’ I turned around and found Chitra there.She was standing with a young white man and wore a beautiful sari. She was looking very pretty with short hair. Her dark eyes were beaming with happiness and pride. As soon as she saw me, she gave me a brilliant smile, hugged me and touched my feet. I was overwhelmed with joy and did not know what to say. I was very happy to see the way things had turned out for Chitra. But I came back to my original question. ‘Chitra, why did you pay my hotel bill? That is not right.’ Suddenly sobbing, she hugged me and said, ‘Because you paid for my ticket from Bombay to Bangalore!'(Excerpted from Mrs. Sudha Murty’s ‘The Day I Stopped Drinking Milk’ )

HERE ARE THE OPTIONS INDIA HAS LEFT IN THE BORDER STAND-OFF

When the border stand-off with China deepens, India will need to think of all potential diplomatic solutions in this crisis that will lend it leverage. New arrangements with a variety of foreign powers is one such factor which is often discussed in this sense. Most military analysts salivate at the possibility of an ever stronger coalition with the United States.

It is a good moment for mobilizing public sentiment on China. As China under Xi Jinping regime has seen an unprecedented degree of global alienation.  But can that be translated into concerted global action to bring real pressure to bear on China? India should pursue every avenue possible. Yet we would always have a thorough understanding of the limits of what can be achieved for India through new partnerships or agreements.

It’s important to remember that in the context of the development paradigm of a country , international relations are formed. India’s primary goal, if it can possibly articulate one, would be to maintain the optimum space for its growth model. In that way, India isn’t special. The alliance between the US and China may have arisen in the diplomatic effort to establish a break between the Sino-Soviets. But for decades this relationship was sustained not by a strategic logic, but by the logic of the developmental political economy in both the US and China, where they depended on each other reciprocally.

The technology model ‘s diplomatic prestige waned, and it is this fact that will be essentially the catalyst of the relationship between the US and China. The question for India is not just whether the US has any stake in the development of India, which it could have. Yet it is more a matter of how India’s infrastructure needs can fit into the evolving model of US growth. Will the very powers of the political economy which establish a disengagement with China also come in the way of closer relations with India? Some sections of American big business could be batting for India; but the underlying dynamics of the political economy are less favorable.

Would the US grant India the space it wants for commerce, intellectual property, legislation, agriculture, labour mobility, the very domains where democracy is essential to the economy of India? Can an American hell-bent on getting industrial jobs back to the U.S., comfortably fit with a Bharat “atma nirbhar?” To see what’s at stake, we need only look at how friction over the development paradigm drives tensions between the US and the EU on trade, taxation and regulatory issues.

There is sometimes a complaint in the US about India being invited but refusing enthusiastically to come to table. Given the salutary cultural and political impetus in this relationship there is some reality to this. Yet the causes of this, including climate change, have also been genuine disagreements in growth. It was also that this question was antithetical to the other strategic commitments of India at various points. India was wise to stay out of the Iraq war, it was wise not to completely spurn Russia, and it is wise not to throw its weight behind the US policy on Iran.

There’s more wisdom in the US to comprehend the role of India. But there is a section of India ‘s strategic community that sees India ‘s reluctance to go in with the U.S., hook line and sinker, as a sort of ideological wimpiness, not a sign of deeper-thought-out realism that it was.

It is a strange moment in global affairs, where a common challenge emanating from China is recognised, but there is no global appetite for concerted action. The global response to the BRI could be an interesting example. Many countries struggle to meet their debt obligations to the BRI. Most loans from China have been a millstone around the necks of the debtor countries. But it’s hard to see the rest of the international community help all these countries wean their regimes away from Chinese finance dependence. Similarly, there are now considerable concerns about frontier conflict areas such as cyber security and space.

Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-china-border-dispute-on-our-own-pratap-bhanu-mehta/

INFORMAL ORGANIZATION


Informal organization refers to relationships between individuals in the organization based on interest, personal attitudes, emotions, prejudices, likes, dislikes, physical location, the similarity of work et. The informal organization comes into existence because of the limitations of the formal structure and it represents a natural grouping of people in working situations and the birth of small groups in an organization is a natural phenomenon. The informal group may overlap because an individual may be a member of more than one informal group. Informal groups come into being to support and supplement the formal organization. The formal and informal organization are inextricably interlinked. As Joseph L. Massie said, “Informal organization has been defined as any human interactions that occur spontaneously and naturally over long periods of time”.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMAL ORGANIZATION

The main characteristics of informal organization are:

  1. It has no place in the formal chart.
  2. It is definite and has no structure.
  3. It is a network of personal and social relations.
  4. It has its own rules and traditions.
  5. It provides for social satisfaction to its members.
  6. An informal organization arises spontaneously.
  7. It is an integral part of a total organization and management cannot eliminate it.
  8. It is based on personal attitudes, emotions likes and dislikes etc.

  ADVANTAGES OF INFORMAL ORGANIZATION

The informal organization is a psycho-social system and the main advantages of an informal organization are:

  1. Informal organization evolve short cuts and eliminate various individuals and departments.
  2. Informal organizations help in solving work problems of members.
  3. Informal groups recognise talented workers as their leaders.
  4. A manager can build better relations with his subordinates through informal contacts.
  5. Informal groups do not allow managers to cross the limits of authority.
  6. Informal groups often fill up the communication gaps which might arise in the organization.
  7. The informal organization may fill in gaps, if any, in the abilities of managers.
  8. Informal groups develop certain norms of behaviour which differentiate between good and bad conduct and between legitimate and illegitimate activities.
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LIMITATIONS OF INFORMAL ORGANIZATION

Informal groups have negative aspects too. They may create problems for the organization as mentioned below:

  1. Informal groups generally tend to resist change and change requires new skills but informal groups want to maintain the status quo and this creates obstructions in implementing new ideas and thus organization’s growth.
  2. An informal leader may turn out to be a troublemaker for the organisation and to increase his influence, he may work against the policies of management, and try to manipulate the behaviour of his followers.
  3. Every member of an informal group is also a member of the formal organization and sometimes role conflict may arise because the ideas, expectations and requirements of both the organizations may be opposite to each other.
  4. An informal group exerts strong pressure on its members for conformity and the members may become so loyal to their group that following the group norms may become a part of their life.
  5. Informal communications may give rise to rumours which may create conflict and misunderstanding among the people and rumours may prove dangerous for the organization. 

Concept of Planning

Planning is deciding in advance the objectives to be achieved during a given period, formulating alternative courses of action to achieve them and selecting the best course of action.

Planning bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go. It is like a mental exercise that requires imagination, foresight and sound judgment.

“Planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. It involves the selection of objectives, policies, procedures and programmes among alternatives”. – ME Hurley

“Planning is the thinking process, the organised foresight, the vision based on facts and experience that is required for intelligent action”. – Alfred and Beatty

Features of Planning –

1. Planning is s primary function

Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed on the basis of plan made beforehand. Thus, it can be said that planning precedes other functions.

2. Planning focuses on achieving objectives

Planning start with the determination of objectives. It identifies the actions that would lead to the desired results quickly and economically. It has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement of predetermined goals.

3. Planning is pervasive

It is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not a function restricted to top level only. It is performed at every level.

4. Planning is continuous

Planning is an ongoing process as it follows a cycle. Once, a plan is drawn, it is implemented and is followed by another plan and so on.

5. Planning is looking ahead

Planning is for looking ahead and preparing for future. The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation.

6. Planning involves decision making

Planning is essentially the process of choosing among various alternatives. So in order to make a choice effective, examination and evaluation of each alternatives is necessary. Thus it is concerned with decision making.

7. Planning is a mental exercise

Planning is a mental exercise as it requires creativity, imagination and higher thinking with sound judgment. It is an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing.

Benefits of Planning –

1. Planning provides direction

By deciding in advance what is to be done, planning provides direction for action. It clearly defines what employees have to do and how to do.

2. Planning reduces risk of uncertainty

Planning is an activity which enables a manager to look ahead and anticipate changes. By deciding in advance, it shows the way to deal with changes and uncertain events.

3. Planning reduces overlapping and wasteful activities

Planning serves as the base for coordination. Various activities of different departments and division are carried on in an effective manner, which reduces the overlapping and wasteful activities.

4. Planning promotes innovative ideas

Planning requires high thinking and it is an intellectual process, so there is a great scope of finding better ideas and better methods to perform a particular job.

5. Planning facilities decision making

Planning helps the manager to look into the future and choose amongst various alternative courses of action. Thus it facilitate decision making.

6. Planning establishes standards for controlling

Planning provides the standards against which actual performance is measured. It helps in finding deviations and thus we can say planning provides the basis for controlling.

Limitations of Planning –

1. Planning leads to rigidity

When in an organisation, a well defined plan is drawn then a manager may not be in a position to change it. This leads to create rigidity.

2. Planning may not work in a dynamic environment

Business environment is dynamic, it changes from time to time. Hence I becomes difficult to forecast future and it leads to create obstacles to effective planning.

3. Planning reduces creativity

Planning is an activity, which is done by the top management and rest of the members just implement these plans. Due to which much of the initiative or creativity inherent in managers or other members get lost or reduced.

4. Planning involves huge cost

Planning is an expensive process. Money, time and lots of efforts have to be made in forecasting, collection of information and evaluation of alternative etc. So, it is a costly process.

5. Planning is a time consuming process

Sometimes, plans to be drawn up take so much of time that there is not much time left for their implementation.

6. Planning does not guarantee success

The success of an enterprise is possible only when plans are properly drawn up and implemented. Planning is based on forecasts, which estimate the future and future prediction is very difficult thus, it does not guarantee success.

*The End*

FORMAL ORGANIZATION


A formal organization is a planned structure which represents the officially established pattern of relationships among individuals, groups, sections, units, departments and divisions to accomplish the goals of the enterprise. A formal organization provides a broad framework and delineates certain prescribed functions and the relationships between them, a formal organization may be defined as a system of consciously coordinated activity of two or more persons towards a given objective. A formal organization may also be defined as:

  1. A pattern of formal relationships and duties, the organization charts, job description and position guides.
  2. Formal rules, policies, work procedures and similar devices adopted by management to guide employee behaviour in certain ways within the structure of formal relationships.

   As Louis A. Allen said, “The formal organization is a system of well-defined jobs, each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability, the whole consciously designed to enable people of the enterprise to work more effectively together in accomplishing their objectives”.  A formal organization facilitates the determination of objectives and policies. Communication, the delegation of authority, and coordination take place according to a prescribed pattern and in fact, formal structure restricts and circumstances the area of operation of individuals working within an organization.

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FEATURES OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

The main characteristics of a formal organization are:

  1. It is based on the division of Labour.
  2. This organization is formed by voluntary thinking.
  3. It is represented by organizational charts and manuals.
  4. In this organization, the rights, duties and liabilities of different persons are clarified on different levels of management.
  5. In a formal organization, unity of command is followed.
  6. It is prepared only for the accomplishment of od predetermined goals.
  7. Here the relationships among members are fully impersonal.
  8. Here delegation of authority flows from top to bottom.
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 ADVANTAGES OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

The main advantages of Formal Organization include:

  1. The best use of resources.
  2. Feeling of cooperation in a formal organization.
  3. No duplication of work.
  4. End of biased opinions from everyone related to any work.
  5. Proper standardisation of work becomes easy to implement.
  6. Helpful in achieving objectives.
  7. Well defined authority and responsibility and accountability avoid any chance of friction and enmity.
  8. Merits of specialisation can be achieved due to the principle of division of labour.
  9. The efficiency of employees can easily be measured due to the predetermination of the rights and duties of each individual.
  10. This type of organization restricts conflicts among executives.
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LIMITATIONS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION

The main limitations of Formal organization include:

  1. Rules are considered more important than the person.
  2. This organization ends the spirit of initiative.
  3. Excessive and undue use of authority takes place in this type of organization.
  4. In this type of organization procedures, programmes, rules etc., are followed strictly and that is why frequent changes are not possible.
  5. A formal organization is impersonal; that is why human feelings have no place here.
  6. There is a lack of coordination among the activities of different persons in different departments.
  7. No consideration is given to the social and human elements.
  8. This organization takes into consideration only the formal communication and creates obstacles in the application of informal communication.

One Must Know About These Certification Marks

A certification mark shows that goods, services, or providers of those goods and services have met certain standards as per the regulations laid down by government of India.

Government of India has created some standards for almost every product to protect the economic interests of all citizens. Following are the some of the most essential certification marks to protect the consumer rights –

1. AGMARK :

Who issues : Directorate of Marketing and Inspection of the Government of India

Product Category : Agricultural products

Effective since : 1937 (amended in 1986)

AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring that the product is of standard quality.

2. ISI Mark :

Who issues :Bureau of Indian Standard

Product Category : Industrial products

Effective since : 1955

ISI Mark is certification mark for industrial products. The mark certifies that a product conforms to a set of standards laid by Bureau of Indian Standard, the natural standard organisation in India.

3. BIS hallmark :

Who issues : Bureau of Indian Standards

Product Category: Gold and Silver jewellery

Effective since : gold (2000), silver(2005)

BIS mark is a certified Hallmark sign on gold as well as silver jewellery. This sign certifies the purity of metal.

4. FPO Mark :

Who issues : Ministry of food Processing Industries

Product Category : Processed fruit products

Effective since : 1955 (Mandatory in 2006)

FPO Mark is a certification mark mandatory on all processed fruit products sold in India such as packaged fruit beverages, fruit jams, squashes, pickles, etc following the Food Safety and Standards Act of 2006. This mark guarantees that product was manufactured in a hygienic and safe environment.

5. Ecomark :

Who issues : Bureau of Indian Standards

Product Category : Eco friendly products

Effective since: 1991

Ecomark is a certification mark issued by Bureau of Indian Standards to products confirming to a set of standards aimed at the least impact on ecosystem. The purpose of the mark is to increase awareness among consumers towards reducing negative environment impact.

6. Non Polluting Vehicle Mark :

Who issues : Central Pollution Control Board of India

Product Category : Automobiles

This is a mandatory certification mark required on all new motor vehicles sold in India. The mark certifies that motor vehicles conforms to the relevant version of Bharat Stage Emissions Standard. The validity of this certificate is limited for a period of 6 months from the date of sale of vehicle.

7. India Organic :

Who issues : APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority)

Product Category : Organic food

Effective since : 2002

India Organic is a certification mark for organically farmed food products manufactured in India. These standards ensure that the product or raw materials used in product were grown through organic farming, without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or induced hormones.

STRUCTURE OF ORGANISING


The structure is the pattern in which various parts or components are integrated or interconnected and this prescribes the relationships among various activities and positions, as these positions are held by various persons, a structure is called the relationships among people in the organization and thus organization structure refers to the differentiation and integration of activities and authority, role and relationships in the organization. Differentiation is the differences in cognitive and emotional orientations among managers in different functional departments and differences in formal structure among these departments. Integration refers to the quality of the state of collaboration that is required to achieve unity of effort by the organization. The structure of an organization thus regulates, coordinates, and reduces uncertainty in the behaviour of people. According to Peter F. Drucker, “Organisation structure is the most important means as a structure wrongly build cannot assist in the promotion of the business”. Thus, the organisational structure is the lifeline of an organisation and this determines the mutual relationship of different persons working within an institution and clarifies the position of each person in it.

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TYPES OF ORGANISATION

Creation of an appropriate structure is indispensable for any organisation and Organisation structure represents the hierarchical arrangement of various positions in the enterprise and it helps in allocating authority and responsibility formally and it also lays down the pattern of communication and coordination in the enterprise and As Kimball write, “ The problem of an organisation is to select and combine the efforts of men of proper characteristics to produce the desired results”. Although character and type of organization would depend largely on the size and nature of the enterprise, yet, there are certain patterns of organising the personnel in an organisation and the need of clear-cut authority/responsibility relationships has led to different forms of administrative organisation as follows:

1. Line Organisation

It represents a direct vertical relationship through which an activity flows from top to bottom throughout the organization and the quantum of authority is highest at the top and it reduces at each successive level down the hierarchy, every person in the organisation is in the direct chain of command. The line of authority not only becomes the avenue of command to operating personnel but also provides the channel of communication, coordination and accountability in the enterprise.

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2. Line and Staff organization

Under the line and staff organization, the function of line is similar to its function under the line of organisation but some staff or experts are also appointed as advisors to the line officers. The functions of line officer are to take decisions, while the function of the staff officers is to advise them and these staff officers are experts in their respective fields and they offer their useful advice after analysing the problems presented by the line officers and in the way, the work of thinking and execution is done by different persons and this removes the chief defect of the line organisation and it can be adopted in case of large business enterprises. It is, however, important to make it clear that the line officers are not bound to accept the advice offered by the staff officers because the line officers alone are responsible for the outcome.

Will US pause on H1-B visas will impact Indian companies?

On Tuesday, the U.S. government announced it extended the 60-day immigration and non-immigrant worker visa ban until the end of 2020. Popular work visas including the much coveted H-1B and H-2B and some categories of H-4, J and L visas will also remain suspended until 31 December, the White House said in a press release.

The move, said US President Donald Trump, was to protect domestic workers who had been affected in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic because of a contraction in the economy.

To fill a shortage with highly qualified low-cost workers in IT and other similar fields, the U.S. government issues a variety with permits per year allowing businesses outside the U.S. to send staff to work on customers.

Among all working visas, the H-1B remains the most common among IT companies in India. Per year, the US government has a quota of 85,000 H-1B total visas. Of this, 65,000 H-1B visas are issued to highly skilled foreign workers, while the remaining 20,000 may be allocated additionally to highly skilled foreign workers who have an American university degree in higher education or master’s.

In addition to the H-1B visas, the US government also issues L1 visas allowing companies to transfer highly skilled workers to the US for up to seven years. H-2B visas enable food and farm workers to seek employment in the US.

After its introduction in 1952, the H-1 visa system has undergone several modifications and amendments to authorize or disallow other groups of foreign workers in the US, depending on the country’s economic situation.

Together with the arrival of the internet and low-cost computers in developing countries such as India and China, the technology boom saw a large number of graduates willing to work at relatively low costs in the US, a win-win situation for both the employer and the staff. Since then, though, it has been frequently criticized for sending low-cost workers to the US at the expense of homeworkers.

After taking over as US president in January 2017, Trump had suggested that low-cost workers hampered the economy and undermined citizens’ jobs. The US then suggested that the “broken” H-1B visa system be reformed.

Trump seized the opportunity presented by Covid-19’s economic contraction by first banning the entry of non-immigrant workers until June 23, and then extending it until December 31.

Trump said in his executive order extending the ban that while “properly administered temporary worker programs can bring benefits to the economy” under normal circumstances, the extraordinary economic contraction created as a result of Covid-19 posed a threat to American workers.

As the ban is in place immediately, issuance of the additional types of visas H-1B, H-2B, J, and L will have to be halted. This means that those who do not have a valid non-immigrant visa as of June 23, and who are outside the US, will not be allowed to enter the country until December 31. Some relief has been given to workers in essential services in the food sector and their entry will be decided by the immigration services consular officer.

Source:https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/us-h1b-visa-suspension-india-it-companies-6471966/

ORGANISING

The organisation provides a framework where duties are identified, define tasks are allotted to suitable persons, and interrelationships of personal are made certain and the joint efforts made by different persons become more productive, effective and economical if a well-knit organization is provided by the management and the purpose of establishing an organization, this is to enable its personnel to work more effectively as a unit and no wonder organisation serves as the backbone of management and it is very foundation of most of the steps of operating management.

Organising can be defined as “Organisation is a harmonious adjustment of specialised parts or the accomplishment of common purpose or purposes” by Haney. The organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing a relationship to enable people to work together in accomplishing common objectives.

NATURE OF ORGANISING

1. Division of work

The setting of an organisation involves division of the total work into various activities and functions and assigning the tasks to different persons according to their skill, ability and experience.

2. Chain of command

The superior-subordinate relationship established in an organisation is based on the authority which flows from the higher levels of management to the immediately lower of management and thereby forming a hierarchical chain and is known as the chain of command.

3. Plurality of Persons

The organisation is a group of many persons who assemble to fulfil a common purpose and a single individual cannot create an organisation.

4. Common Objectives

There are various parts of an organisation with different functions to perform but all move in the direction of achieving a general objective.

5. Group of people

An organisation comes into existence when a group of people combine their efforts for some common purpose and willingly contribute towards their common endeavour.

6. Common Purpose

Every organisation comes into existence based on goals of the enterprise which are separate from the personal goals of the people employed and it is the common purpose of the organisation which provides the basis of cooperation among its members.

7. Vertical and Horizontal Relationships

An Organisation creates cooperative relationships between different departments and divisions as well as between superiors and subordinates. The duties and responsibility of superiors and subordinates in each department or division are also unified to serve the purpose of their joint efforts.

8. Organising is a universal process

Organising is needed both in business and also in non-business organisations and nor only this, an organisation will be needed where two or more than two people work jointly. Therefore, an organisation has the quality of universality.

9. Dynamics of organisation

Besides the structural relationships among people which are based on their activities and functions, there exists an organising interaction based on sentiments, attitudes and behaviour of individuals and groups and they are subject to change from time to time.

According to Chester Bernard, Communication, Cooperation and Spirit of service and common objectives are the main elements of the organisation.