Author: shriyaagrawal12

LAW

It is the discipline and profession concerned with the customs, practices, and rules of conduct of a community that are recognized as binding by the community. Enforcement of the body of rules is through a controlling authority. Articles that delineate the relationship of law to political structures are constitution; ideology; political party; and political system. Law can be divided into two main domains. Public law concerns government and society, including constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Private law deals with legal disputes between individuals and/or organisations in areas such as contracts, property, torts/delicts and commercial law.

LEGAL METHODS

There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning and methods of interpreting the law.

JUDICIARY

A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome. Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an apex court as the ultimate judicial authority. Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be unconstitutional.

LEGAL PROFESSION

Legal profession, vocation that is based on expertise in the law and in its applications.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LEGAL PROFESSION

  • Social role
  • Private practice
  • Public-directed practice

CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

The prevalence of mergers between law firms of different countries is indicative of the profound changes in the legal profession brought about by globalization—the increasing exchange across international boundaries of capital, goods, technology, services, personnel, and ideas. Law firms have also taken advantage of technological advances in computers and the Internet to avail themselves of electronic databases for legal research, to provide legal advice to clients far from their home offices, and even to develop software that can be used to reduce the human element in the preparation of contracts, licensing agreements, wills, and other documentation. Supporters of these changes suggest that they will better equip law firms to compete with large accounting firms and other organizations that offer legal services, while opponents worry that they are helping to erode the distinction between law and business.

AREAS OF LAW

  • International law
  • Constitutional law
  • Administrative law
  • Criminal law
  • Contract law
  • Tort law
  • Property law
  • Equity and trusts
  • Labour law
  • Evidence law
  • Family law
  • Transactional law
  • Intellectual property law
  • Commercial law
  • Admiralty law
  • Space law
  • Immigration law
  • Tax law
  • Banking law
  • Consumer law
  • Environmental law
  • Air law
  • Competition law

LEGAL ETHICS

Principles of conduct that members of the legal profession are expected to observe in their practice. In India, under the Advocates Act of 1961, the Bar Council of India is responsible for creating rules for registering advocates, regulation of legal ethics, and for administering disciplinary action.

Principles of legal ethics, whether written or unwritten, not only regulate the conduct of legal practice but also reflect the basic assumptions, premises, and methods of the legal system within which the lawyer operates. They reflect as well the profession’s conception of its own role in the administration of justice.

A system in which a lawyer presents a client’s case in the most favourable light permitted by law and in which the court must decide the merits of the case may well produce different answers than those produced in a system that assigns a higher priority to the lawyer’s duty to the state to assure proper administration of justice.

AREAS OF APPLICATION

  • Conflict of interest
  • Confidential communications
  • Advertising and solicitation
  • Fees
  • Criminal cases
  • globalization

BUSINESS

It is the activity of making money by producing or buying and selling products for the sole purpose of making profit.

FORMS OF BUSINESS

  • Sole proprietorship
  • Partnership
  • Corporation
  • Cooperative
  • Limited liability partnership
  • Franchise
  • A company limited by guarantee
  • A company limited by shares
  • A company limited by guarantee with a share capital
  • A limited liability company
  • An unlimited company with or without a share capital
  • Companies formed by letters patent
  • Charter corporations
  • Statutory companies

CAPITAL

When businesses need to raise money they sometimes offer securities for sale. Capital may be raised through private means, by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange, or in other ways.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BUSINESS             

  • Agriculture
  • Financial services which  include banks, brokerage firms, credit unions, credit cards, insurance companies, asset and investment companies such as private equity firms, private equity funds, real estate investment trusts, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, mutual funds, index funds, and hedge funds, stock exchanges, and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital.
  • Entertainment companies
  • Industrial manufacturers
  • Real estate
  • Retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers
  • Transportation business
  • Sports
  • Utilities produce public services such as water, electricity, waste management or sewage treatment.
  • Service businesses

ACTIVITIES IN A BUSINESS

  • Accounting
  • Finance
  • Manufacturing
  • Marketing
  • Research and development
  • Safety
  • Sales

TRADE UNION (LABOUR UNION)

A trade union  is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members and negotiates labor contracts with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is “maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment”. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.

COMMERCIAL LAW

A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Businesses often have important “intellectual property” that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks, or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking.

BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

Business and Management are the disciplines devoted to organizing, analyzing, and planning various types of business operations.

Fields of business management include-:

  • Advertising
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Hospitality Management
  • Information Systems Management
  • International Business
  • Nonprofit Management
  • Operations Management
  • Public Administration
  • Sales Management
  • Supply Chain Management

Business and Management is feeling the impact of technological advances and changes. With big data and artificial intelligence allowing many tasks to be automated, the nature of business is changing every day.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development aims at meeting the needs of present without compromising with the future generations to meet their own need. Sustainability can be defined as the practice of maintaining world processes of productivity indefinitely—natural or human-made—by replacing resources used with resources of equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems. Sustainable development ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity. Sustainability Science is the study of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science. There is an additional focus on the present generations’ responsibility to regenerate, maintain and improve planetary resources for use by future generations.

ECOLOGICAL STABILITY                

The ecological stability of human settlements is part of the relationship between humans and their natural, social and built environments. Also termed human ecology, this broadens the focus of sustainable development to include the domain of human health. Fundamental human needs such as the availability and quality of air, water, food and shelter are also the ecological foundations for sustainable development; addressing public health risk through investments in ecosystem services can be a powerful and transformative force for sustainable development which, in this sense, extends to all species.

ECONOMICS

Because of rural poverty and overexploitation, environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets, called natural capital. Economic development has traditionally required a growth in the gross domestic product. This model of unlimited personal and GDP growth may be over. Sustainable development may involve improvements in the quality of life for many but may necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.

POLITICS

Sustainable Development has similarly developed a political policy framework, linked to a sustainability index for establishing measurable entities and metrics. The framework consists of six core areas:

  • International trade and investment
  • Economic policy
  • Climate change and energy
  • Measurement and assessment
  • Natural resource management
  • Communication technologies.

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture depends on the conservation of our most precious natural resources: water, land, and biodiversity. That’s why every investment in innovation also needs to be an investment in sustainability.As a leader in agriculture, we have the opportunity and responsibility to address our most pressing challenges —like climate change, biodiversity loss, food security, and natural resource conservation. And believe, agriculture is part of the solution. Innovations like digital tools, biotechnology, plant breeding, and crop protection combined with sustainable agricultural practices help farmers use fewer natural resources.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The Sustainable Development Goals are:

  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Good Health and Well-being
  • Quality Education
  • Gender Equality
  • Clean Water and Sanitation
  • Affordable and Clean Energy
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth
  • Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  • Reducing Inequality
  • Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • Responsible Consumption and Production
  • Climate Action
  • Life Below Water
  • Life On Land
  • Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
  • Partnerships for the Goals

CRITICISMS

  • Competing goals
  • Too many goals
  • Weak on environmental sustainability
  • Comparison with Millennium Development Goals

Global Goals Week is an annual week-long event in September for action, awareness, and accountability for the Sustainable Development Goals.  It first took place in 2016. It is often held concurrently with Climate Week NYC.

MURDER

In India according to Section 300 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860, murder is defined as follows:

Murder.–Except in the cases hereinafter excepted, culpable homicide is murder, if the act by which the death is caused is done with the intention of causing death, or- 167 2ndly.-If it is done with the intention of causing such bodily injury as the offender knows to be likely to cause the death of the person to whom the harm is caused. or- 3rdly.-If it is done with the intention of causing bodily injury to any person and the bodily injury intended to be inflicted is sufficient in the ordinary course of nature to cause death, or- 4thly.-If the person committing the act knows that it is so imminently dangerous that it must, in all probability, cause death, or such bodily injury as is likely to cause death, and commits such act without any e

Culpable homicide (section 299 of Indian Penal Code, 1860)is defined as

By causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.–If a person, by doing anything which he intends or knows to be likely to cause death, commits culpable homicide by causing the death of any person, whose death he neither intends nor knows himself to be likely to cause, the culpable homicide committed by the offender is of the description of which it would have been if he had caused the death of the person whose death he intended or knew himself to be likely to cause for incurring the risk of causing death or such injury as aforesaid.

Culpable homicide is a term wider than murder. Therefore, Culpable homicide is considered as the genus while murder is regarded as a species. Murder is an aggravated form of culpable homicide. In culpable homicide the knowledge is not so definite, while in murder the offender has a definite knowledge that the act would be resulting in death. Thus, the probability of causing death is higher in murder than in culpable homicide.

CAUSES OF MURDER

  • Lust
  • Love
  • Loathing
  • Loot

CIRCUMSTANCES IN AWARDING DEATH SENTENCE

Supreme Court held that following mitigating circumstances are relevant and must be given weightage in determination of sentence.

  • The age of the accused.
  • The probability that the accused would not commit criminal acts of violence as would constitute a continuing threat to the society.
  • The probability that the accused can be reformed and rehabilitated.
  • That in the facts and circumstances of the case the accused believed that he was morally justified in committing the offence.
  • That the accused acted under the duress or domination of another person.
  • That to condition of the accused showed that he was mentally defective and that the said defect impaired his capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct.

NAME OF CASES

  • State of Tamil Nadu v. T. Suthanthiraraja
  • State v. Sushil Sharma
  • Swamy Sharaddananda @ Murli Manohar Mishra v. State of Karnataka
  • Prajeet Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar
  • State of Tamil Nadu v. Rajendran

ITS ONLY MURDER IF THEY FIND A BODY OTHERWISE ITS JUST A MISSING PERSON.

LIVE-IN-RELATIONSHIPS

Live-in-relationships also referred to as cohabitation is an arrangement where two people live together but are not married.  They are often involved in a romantic or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis.

OBJECTIONS

Contemporary objections to cohabiting couples include religious opposition to non-marital unions, social pressure for couples to get married and potential effects of cohabitation on a child’s development.

EFFECT ON CHILDREN

  • lower performance in school
  • greater risk of suspension or expulsion
  • behavioral and emotional problems

ADVANTAGES

  • No social and legal responsibilities
  • Net practice before the final match
  • Sharing is caring
  • Lesser account abilities and duties
  • Freedom to take decisions
  • Compatibility test
  • Equality and mutual understanding

DISADVANTAGES

  • Free to exit anytime
  • Social Acceptance
  • No new excitement
  • Lack the respect and stability of marriage
  • Societal pressure and criticism
  • Lack of commitment
  • Receiving end
  • Nature, behaviour, temperament, attitude everything changes in partners after marriage

INDIAN LAW

Live-in relationships, being an alien concept to the Indian legislature does not have any legal implications for the couples who live together without marriage involved in the relationship. Since living relationships also support pre-marital sex, there are high chances of a child being born. These children, unlike the successors born out of wedlock, do not have any rights over the inheritance. Besides this, society treats them as illegitimate children, which is unacceptable. However, the Hon’ble Supreme Court cleared them of this ill-fated and granted them the status of a legitimate child along with the right to property. Live-in relationships were legally considered void-ab-initio. But in a judgment in 1978, such relationships are valid for the first time because of the Supreme Court. If the requisites of a marriage such as mental soundness, the fulfillment of the legal age of marriage, consent, etc. are all satisfied, the couple is considered to be in a legal live-in relationship.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MARRIAGE AND LIVE IN RELATIONSHIPS

  • The union of two persons that is formally recognized by law is known as marriage. It is a formal commitment between the couple and Live in relationship refers to a kind of an arrangement where a couple decides to live together.
  • Mostly the children born from a marriage are socially accepted and parents often find happiness to have them in their life and Children born out of a live in relationship may require some commitments and it depends upon the couple that how they would manage the raising of children.
  • Marriages come with responsibilities and one tends to be answerable to the other. However, sometimes the freedom may also be restricted and live in relationships are associated with the freedom, both tend to have their own space as no obligations or responsibilities are involved.
  • Marriages are also associated with the union of families rather than the individuals. Even if there is not much involvement of families, but still the marriage is regarded as a serious affair by the parents and  families do not involve much with the couples as the concept of live in relationship is more about exploring each other.

We can safely state that relationships have become a questionable and complex thing to understand. Marriage is also required by the society however the modern generation is busy finding the suitable ways to safeguard their relationship by entering into various test-run techniques. It has become a trend in big cities.

ADULTERY

Sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse is adultery. Although the sexual activities that constitute adultery vary, as well as the social, religious, and legal consequences, the concept exists in many cultures and is similar in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. A single act of sexual intercourse is generally sufficient to constitute adultery.

ADULTERY AND RELIGIONS

JUDAISM

Though Leviticus 20:10 prescribes the death penalty for adultery, the legal procedural requirements were very exacting and required the testimony of two eyewitnesses of good character for conviction. The defendant also must have been warned immediately before performing the act.

CHRISTIANITY

Adultery is considered by Christians immoral and a sin, based primarily on passages like Exodus 20:14 and 1 Corinthians 6:9–10. Although 1 Corinthians 6:11 does say that “and that is what some of you were.

ISLAM

Zina’ is an Arabic term for illegal intercourse, premarital or extramarital. Various conditions and punishments have been attributed to adultery. Under Islamic law, adultery in general is sexual intercourse by a person (whether man or woman) with someone to whom they are not married. Adultery is a violation of the marital contract and one of the major sins condemned by Allah in the Qur’an. It has been said that these legal procedural requirements were instituted to protect women from slander and false accusations: i.e. four witnesses of good character are required for conviction, who were present at that time and saw the deed taking place; and if they saw it they were not of good moral character, as they were looking at naked adults; thus no one can be convicted of adultery unless both of the accused also agree and give their confession under oath four times.

HINDUISM

Adultery and similar offenses are discussed under one of the eighteen vivādapadas in the Dharma literature of Hinduism. Adultery is termed as Strisangrahana in dharmasastra texts. These texts generally condemn adultery, with some exceptions involving consensual sex and niyoga (levirate conception) in order to produce an heir. According to Apastamba Dharmasutra, the earliest dated Hindu law text, cross-varna adultery is a punishable crime, where the adulterous man receives a far more severe punishment than the adulterous arya woman.[97] In Gautama Dharmasutra, the adulterous arya woman is liable to harsh punishment for the cross-class adultery. The Kamasutra discusses adultery and Vatsyayana devotes “not less than fifteen sutras (1.5.6–20) to enumerating the reasons for which a man is allowed to seduce a married woman.

ADULTERY LAW IN INDIA

Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, a man commits an offence if he engages in a sexual relationship with a married woman without taking prior consent of her husband to do so. As a punishment, he could be imprisoned for 5 years, with or without fine.

  • The Supreme Court declares Section 497 unconstitutional
  • Adultery law under Section 497 views women as a property of men
  • It allows men to file complaint but doesn’t give women the same right

Under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) Adultery was an offence and a convict could be sentenced to five-year-jail term. Section defined adultery as an offence committed by a man against a married man if the former engaged in sexual intercourse with the latter’s wife. The law had come under sharp criticism for treating women as possession of men. An Italy-based Indian businessman Joseph Shine, who hails from Kerala, filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) last year challenging IPC Section 497. He contended that the law is discriminatory.

The Supreme Court bench that dismissed a plea challenging Section 497 had Justice YV Chandrachud on it. Current Supreme Court bench hearing the adultery law case had his son Justice DY Chandrachud on it. It was Justice DY Chandrachud, who made the observation that women could not be treated as commodity by leaving them to the discretion of their husbands in giving consent in matters of adultery. The Supreme Court said in August this year that Section 497 as anti-women to dismiss the argument that the adultery law discriminated against men.

FORCE MAJEURE EFFECTS ON THE BUSINESS

HOW WILL FORCE MAJEURE EFFECT THE BUSINESSES ALL AROUND THE WORLD DURING COVID-19 ?

Force majeure refers to a contractual provision that limits liability due to unforeseen events outside the control of the parties that delay performance of the contract or prevent performance entirely. A force majeure provision excuses performance based upon the occurrence of specific qualifying events that constitute force majeure or that fall within the purview of a broader “catch-all” category of events that may qualify as force majeure events. These may include “acts of God,” war, fire, national emergencies, labor strikes, diseases, pandemics, epidemics, natural disasters, governmental acts or regulations, and other “acts beyond the control” of the parties.

In light of the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many businesses are confronting circumstances that may excuse or delay their obligations to perform under existing contracts due to the occurrence of a force majeure event. Governments and businesses have implemented measures to prevent or curtail the spread of the virus in the form of travel bans, border closures, restrictions on gathering sizes, closure of non-essential stores and businesses, cancelation of public events and other similar measures. The current and evolving restrictions designed to prevent the spread of COVID-19 may make it impossible to timely perform under the contract. Consequently, many businesses are simply unable to perform their contractual obligations. Some have invoked force majeure to eliminate or limit liability due to their inability to perform such contractual obligations. Similarly, some companies have cancelled various contracts for goods and services in light of travel restrictions and other limitations. The extent to which COVID-19 and its downstream effects and consequences constitute a qualifying force majeure event is highly fact-specific and depends on the terms of the contract, the specific facts, governing law and how courts in the relevant jurisdictions interpret force majeure provisions, among other things. With no force majeure clause it will be more difficult to claim relief. This means that the person who cannot fulfill the contract could be in breach of contract. If the contract has no force majeure clause then frustration may apply.  Even if a contract does not have a specific force majeure provision, applicable law may allow a party to excuse performance under other theories in the face of unexpected events.

COVID-19 does not itself usually stop a contract being fulfilled. It is the consequences of COVID-19 which causes problems. For many contracts entered into before January 2020 then COVID-19 issues could not have been anticipated. But it would be more difficult to claim that COVID-19 issues could not have been anticipated for a contract entered into mid-March 2020. This is important as if COVID-19 issues could reasonably have been anticipated, then relief for force majeure is probably not available. Although COVID-19 is almost certainly for most contracts an event outside the reasonable control of a party that is not enough. COVID-19 itself will probably not hinder performance; it is the consequences that matter. A government decree which is legally binding ordering a factory shut is almost certainly for a pre-2020 contract an event outside the reasonable control of the parties.

JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT

Supreme Court of India has original, appellate, writ and advisory jurisdiction

Original Jurisdiction

 As per article 32, Supreme Court is the guardian / protector of fundamental rights and any person whose fundamental rights are violated can directly approach the Supreme Court for remedy. Supreme Court has from time to time interpreted the fundamental rights and has protected the Citizens of India from any unconstitutional legislation which breech their fundamental rights. Any matter regarding the enforcement of Fundamental Rights comes under the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Apart from this, Supreme Court is the Highest Interpreter of the Constitution and tribunal for final settlements of the disputes between Center and States as well as States and States. Supreme Court has original original Jurisdiction in matters related any dispute between:

  • Government of India and one or more states
  • Government of India and State(s) on one side and State(s) in other side
  • State(s) and State(s)

The dispute should involve a question whether of law or fact on which depends existence of a legal right which the court is called upon to determine.

Appellate Jurisdiction

Supreme Court is the Highest Court of appeal and the writs and decrees of Supreme Court run throughout the country. The cases come to the Supreme Court in the form of appeals against the judgments of the lower courts and this is called appellate jurisdiction. Appellate jurisdiction involves the Constitution, Civil and criminal matters. An appeal can be made in the Supreme Court against any judgment, decree or final order of the High Court in the territory of India, whether in a civil criminal or other proceedings, if the High Court Certified that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. Even of the High Court refuses to give such certificate , the Supreme Supreme Court can grant special leave to appeal if the court is satisfied that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution. In every matter that involves the interpretation of the constitution whether, civil, criminal or any other proceeding, the Supreme Court has been made the final authority to elaborate the meaning and intent of the Constitution.

 As far as criminal cases are concerned there are 3 situations in which criminal appeals in Supreme Court are permitted: (Article 134)

  • The High Court has on appeal reverse the order of acquittal of accused person and sentenced him to death.
  • The High Court has withdrawn for trial before itself any case from any subordinate court and such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death.
  • High Court certifies that the case is worth appeal to the Supreme Court.

ADVISORY JURISDICTION

Article 143 (Power of President to consult Supreme Court) discusses the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

  • If the president feels that a question of law or fact has arisen or is likely to arise and the question is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court upon it, he can refer the same to Supreme Court for its advisory Opinion.
  • Such an opinion is NOT binding on the president.

Can Supreme Court overrule its own verdicts?

It is said that the Lower court is concerned with the facts and High Court with the error of the judgment of the lower court. The Supreme Court is concerned with wisdom. But the Supreme Court may also go wrong and such wrongs can be rectified. Article 137 of the Constitution provides that Supreme Court can review and revise its own orders.

TERRORISM

Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims. To be classified as terrorism, actions must be designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target. An action must aim to create terror through “its shocking brutality, lack of discrimination, dramatic or symbolic quality and disregard of the rules of warfare”.

Terrorism can be distinguished from other form of crimes on the following basis:

  • Killings perpetrated by non-state actors against civilians, which are not ideological in nature i.e. not motivated by a particular political, economic or social goal, are classified as homicide.
  • Violence perpetrated by non-state actors against civilians, specifically based on ethnicity, sexuality, gender, or disability, without political or social intent to cause widespread fear, is classified as a hate crime.

AIRLINE HIJACK                                               

Airline hijackings are a very visible form of terrorism. The 9/11 attacks in New York were the most prominent example. But whilst hijackings can seem like a modern form of terrorism, they have a long history: in fact, hijackings today are very rare and much less frequent than the past.

CAUSES

Personal and social factors:

  • Mental health disorder
  • Social isolation
  • Financial reward
  • Previous exposure to violence
  • Perception that the cause responds to a profound injustice or indignity

TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN

Terrorism in Pakistan originated after Pakistan supported the Afghan mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War, and the subsequent civil war that erupted in Afghanistan. The mujahideen fighters were trained by Pakistan’s military, American CIA and other western intelligence agencies who continued operations in the area after the war officially ended. In 2012, the Pakistani leadership sat down to sort out solutions for dealing with the menace of terrorism and in 2013, political parties unanimously reached a resolution on Monday 9, September 2013, at the All Parties Conference (APC), stating that negotiation with the militants should be pursued as their first option to counter terrorism. With the terrorists attacks continuing in late 2013 the political leadership in Pakistan initiated a military operation against terrorists named Operation Zarb-e-Azb; a joint military offensive against various militant groups, including the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Jundallah, al-Qaeda, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and the Haqqani network.

JAISH-E-MOHAMMED

Since its inception in 2000, the group has carried out several attacks in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. It portrays Kashmir as a “gateway” to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its ‘Jahad’ to other parts of India, with intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent. It has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It also maintained close relations with Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and continues to be allied with these groups.

IDEOLOGY AND GOALS

The declared objective of the JeM is to liberate Kashmir and merge it with Pakistan. However, it projects Kashmir as a “gateway” to the entire India, whose Muslims are also deemed to be in need of liberation. After liberating Kashmir, it aims to carry its jihad to other parts of India, with an intent to drive Hindus and other non-Muslims from the Indian subcontinent.

Marry for jihad, give birth for jihad and earn money only for jihad till the cruelty of America and India ends.

NEPOTISM

Nepotism is based on favoritism granted to relatives in various fields, including business, politics, entertainment, sports, religion and other activities.

WAYS TO HANDLE NEPOTISM AT WORKPLACE

  • In cases of nepotism, what’s often most frustrating is that a person feels overlooked because of opportunities given to someone perceived as less qualified. Document what you’ve achieved over time, and make sure to compile as much data to back you up as possible.
  • Identify a third-party ally – someone higher up than you, and thus who has more power within the organization but has no skin in the game. As with any complaint, documentation and witnesses are important. Together with the ally, determine how to best bring forward your concerns that won’t result in backlash.
  • Some might feel compelled to act out of emotion, but it’s best to build a case with evidence and details – including any information from colleagues who may be experiencing the same things you are – before approaching anyone.

NEPOTISM IN BOLLYWOOD                       

A cake walk debut of a star kid and a difficult entry for others, nepotism cannot guarantee success though it has existed in Bollywood for a long time. Many star kids tried to make their presence on the screen, but failed to grab viewers’ attention. Nepotism in industry is defined with the surname famously associated with known actors. The legacy of Kapoor emerged from the golden age of Indian cinema watching the 3rd generation now. The father-son duo of Sunil Dutt and Sanjay Dutt, Dharmendra and Sunny Deol, there are many such names that get a grand welcome in cinema.

SOME OF THE RESULTS OF NEPOTISM

  • Alia Bhatt- daughter of Mahesh Bhatt
  • Varun Dhawan- son of David Dhawan
  • Sonam Kapoor- daughter of Anil Kapoor
  • Athiya Shetty- daughter of Suniel Shetty
  • Sonakshi Sinha- daughter of   Shatrughan Sinha
  • Abhishek Bachchan- son of Amitabh Bachchan
  • Janhvi Kapoor- daughter of Sridevi
  • Ananya Pandey- daughter of Chunky Pandey

NEPOTISM- RIGHT OR WRONG

The nepotism debate has been reignited after the demise of Bollywood actor Sushant Singh Rajput. While there is no official statement by authorities on the reason behind his suicide, Twitterati and many celebrities have concluded that his death was in some way connected to nepotism in Bollywood. Recently, Kangana Ranaut appeared on a channel where she spoke about the prevalent culture of nepotism in Bollywood and how that resulted in Sushant Singh Rajput’s death. The conversation around nepotism was first ignited by Ranaut on Karan Johar’s chat show Koffee with Karan in 2017, where she called the filmmaker the ‘flag-bearer of nepotism’.

CELEBS WHO CLAIM THAT THEY HAD TO FACE THE BRUNT OF NEPOTISM

  • Abhinav Kashyap said Salman Khan and family ruined his career.
  • Resul Pookutty said no one gave him work after he won an Oscar.
  • Sonu Nigam says ‘Music Mafia’ crushes talented musicians.
  • Sona Mohapatra said she never got a second chance even after a blockbuster song Ambarsariya.
  • Upen Patel said that “they” cut him out suddenly and he felt left out.
  • Shreyas Talpade said that Karan Johar and YRF never showed interest in working with him.