WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence is wide range of computer science concerned with building machines which are capable of performing tasks that requires human intelligence. AI is science with multiple approaches, but advancements in Machine Learning also Deep Learning are creating a shift in every sector of the tech industry
HOW DOES ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WORK?
CAN MACHINES THINK? ALAN TURING (1950)
Less then a decade breaking Nazi encryption machine Enigma helping Allied Forces in Second World War, mathematician Alan Turing changed history second time with simple question: “Can machines think?
At its core AI is branch of computer science which aims to answer Turing’s question in affirmative. It is endeavor to simulate human intelligence in machines. The expansive goal of artificial intelligence has given rise to answer many questions and debates.
Limitation in defining AI as simply “building machines that are intelligent” which does not actually explain what artificial intelligence is?
What Makes a Machine Intelligent?
In Groundbreaking textbook of Artificial Intelligence: A modern Approach, authors such as Stuart Russell and Peter approach the question by unifying their work with theme of intelligent in machines. With keeping this in mind, AI is “study of agents that receive accepts from environment and perform actions.
Russell go on to explore four approaches which are historicially defined in AI field:
- Thinking humanly
- Thinking rationally
- Acting humanly
- Acting rationally
First two ideas concern thought processes and reasoning while others deal with deal with behavior. Russell focus particularly on rational agents that act to achieve best outcome, skills are required for Turing Test which allows agent act rationally.
Patrick Winston, Ford professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT, defines AI as enabled algorithms by constraints, exposed representations which support models at loops which is tie thinking, action together, perception.
These definitions seem abstract to average person, helps to focus in the field of computer science also provide blueprint for machines as well as programs with machine Learning and different subsets of artificial intelligence.
While addressing crowd at Japan AI Experience in 2017, Data Robot CEO of Jeremy began speech by offering following definition of how AI is used today:
“AI is computer system which perform tasks required by human intelligence. Many of the artificial intelligence systems are powered with help of machine learning, some of them are powered with deep Learning were some of them powered by rules.
HOW AI IS USED
Artificial intelligence consists of two categories:
*Narrow AI: It is sometimes referred as “Weak AI, ” this type of artificial intelligence operates in a limited context and is simulation of human intelligence. Narrow AI focuses on performing single task extremely well and while machines seem intelligent, they are operating for more constraints and limitations which even most basic human intelligence
Artificial General Intelligence : Artificial General Intelligence sometimes referred as “Strong AI,” which is kind of artificial intelligence which is found in movies, like robots from West world or Data from Star Trek: The Next Generation, AGI is machine with general intelligence which is like human being which applies intelligence to solve any problem.
Examples of ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
- Smart assistants (Examples like Alexa , Siri)
- Prediction tools and Disease mapping
- Manufacturing Robots
- Robo advisors for trading
- Spam filters on email
NARROW Artificial Intelligence
Narrow AI is all around us which is easily most successful realization of artificial intelligence to date. It focus on doing specific tasks, it has experienced numerous breakthroughs in last decade which have significant societal benefits and contributed to economic vitality of nation preparing for Future of artificial intelligence 2016 report released Obama Administration.
Few Examples of Narrow AI include:
Google Search
Image recognition software
Self driving cars
IBM’s Watson
MACHINE LEARNING & DEEP LEARNING
Narrow AI is powered by using machine Learning and deep learning techniques. Understanding difference between artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep Learning could be confusing. Frank Chen provides good overview to distinguish between them nothing but
“Human intelligence became mimic due to artificial intelligence”. Machine learning is one of it , and deep Learning is also part of machine learning techniques”
Machine Learning feeds a computer data for using statistical techniques which help it learn how to get progress better at task, without having specifically programmed for task, eliminating need for millions lines of written code. Machine Learning consists of both supervised and unsupervised learning
Deep Learning is type of machine Learning which runs input through biologically inspired neural network. Neural networks contains hidden layer through which data is processed, allowing machine to go “deep” and making connections and waiting for best input results
ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
Creation of machine with human intelligence which can be applied to task is Holy Grail for AI researchers, but quest for AGI has brought difficulty.AGI has long been muse of science fiction, in which super intelligent robots overrun humanity, but experts agree that it is not something we need to worry anytime soon
HISTORY OF AI
Robots and artificial first appeared in ancient Greek myths of Antiquity. Aristotle’s development of syllogism and it’s use of deductive reasoning was a key moment in man kind quest to understand its intelligence. While roots are long, deep, history of artificial intelligence we think of it today spans less than century. Following above is history of AI from 1950 to 2017. It is seven decades of Artificial intelligence. Many changes have developed in these seven decades. AI has grown a lot. It has raised from Human Level of thinking to Machine Level of thinking.
International Journal of Research (IJR) 